The Circuit Bench, Left to Right

All 470 federal appeals judges evaluated between 1990 and 2024, ranked by what the lawyers who argued before them said — including eight who went on to the Supreme Court, and three who broke the political-science models on their way through history.

Scores: JuDJIS (Cope, Political Analysis, 2026), from Almanac of the Federal Judiciary evaluations, 1990–2024, on a −1 (liberal) to +1 (conservative) scale. Republished in full by kind permission of Prof. Kevin Cope, 27 August 2026. Full citations in the method note.

The Short Answer

The most conservative scored career on the modern federal appeals bench belongs to Donald Russell of the 4th Circuit (+0.93), the most liberal to George Edwards of the 6th (−0.80). Among the justices of the Supreme Court, the two most conservative circuit records are John Roberts (9th of 451) and Samuel Alito (13th) — and the judge the models get most wrong is John Minor Wisdom, the Republican appointee the lawyers rated third most liberal of all.

One bench, three rulers

Every judge below carries up to three numbers, and they are not the same kind of number. JuDJIS, the ranking column, reads what the lawyers who appeared before each judge wrote about them in the Almanac of the Federal Judiciary, year by year from 1990 to 2024 — the only measure of the three built from observed judging. JCS, the Judicial Common Space score, is imputed from nomination politics: a judge inherits the ideology of the appointing president or, where senatorial courtesy applies, of home-state senators, and the number is fixed for life. CFscore reads pre-appointment campaign donations, and where a judge never donated, it is itself imputed (marked ° in the table).

The three usually agree. Where they disagree, this page's sympathies are with the measure that watched the judge work — and the disagreements are the most interesting rows on the page, which is why the scores are shown side by side rather than averaged into a false consensus.

The justices, when they were circuit judges

Eight members of the Court, sitting or recent, passed through this dataset on the way up. The two most conservative circuit records belong to the two who now anchor the Court's right: the Roberts and Alito chapters cite these ranks, and this table is where they come from.

John Roberts#9 of 451 · +0.67 · D.C. Cir.
Samuel Alito#13 of 451 · +0.63 · 3rd Cir.
Amy Coney Barrett#46 of 451 · +0.50 · 7th Cir.
Brett Kavanaugh#97 of 451 · +0.38 · D.C. Cir.
Neil Gorsuch#131 of 451 · +0.33 · 10th Cir.
Sonia Sotomayor#333 of 451 · −0.09 · 2nd Cir.
Stephen Breyer#337 of 451 · −0.10 · 1st Cir.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg(D.C. Cir. · too few evaluations to score)

Two more justices with circuit service are not in the dataset at all: Clarence Thomas, whose sixteen months on the D.C. Circuit ended with his 1991 elevation, and Ketanji Brown Jackson, whose single year on the D.C. Circuit preceded her 2022 elevation. Barrett's entry deserves its asterisk before her rank is quoted anywhere: her three years on the 7th Circuit produced the widest confidence interval in the entire dataset, wider than the scale itself — see “How much of this order is real,” below.

The 451 Judges the Lawyers Could Place, Ranked

Every circuit judge with enough Almanac evaluations to score, ranked by JuDJIS. The drawn band under each score is the published 95% confidence interval — it is part of the data, not decoration, and the section under the table is about what it does to the ranking. JCS and CFscore are printed alongside for comparison; a ° marks an imputed CFscore, and a · marks a judge the measure does not cover.

Ordered from the conservative end, #1 to #451 — the direction this site's justice chapters cite. Judges who went on to the Court are shaded. Where two judges hold the same score, the order between them is the source file's and means nothing.

#JudgeJuDJIS, with 95% intervalJCSCFscore
1Donald Russell
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.93
+0.39+0.10°
2William Timbers
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.83
+0.07−0.16
3Leroy Contie
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.78
+0.69+0.80
4George MacKinnon
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.78
+0.55+0.56°
5J. Luttig
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.69
+0.26+0.48
6Bailey Brown
6th Cir. · D appointee
+0.67
−0.35−0.66°
7George Pratt
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.67
+0.18+0.52°
8Francis Van Dusen
3rd Cir. · D appointee
+0.67
−0.58·
9John Roberts
D.C. Cir. · R appointee · later a justice
+0.67
+0.69+0.98
10John Coffey
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.64
+0.26+1.08°
11George Fagg
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.64
+0.35+0.70°
12Clyde Hamilton
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.64
+0.39+0.89°
13Samuel Alito
3rd Cir. · R appointee · later a justice
+0.63
+0.56+1.53°
14William Hutchinson
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.62
+0.07+0.90°
15Robert Krupansky
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.60
+0.69+1.12°
16Rhesa Barksdale
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.60
+0.34+1.00
17Edith Jones
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.59
+0.55+1.43
18Priscilla Richman
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.59
+0.41+0.94°
19Karen Williams
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.59
+0.39−1.05
20William Wilkins
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.59
+0.39+1.15
21Charles Wiggins
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.58
+0.35+1.41
22John Mahoney
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.57
+0.18+0.88°
23Dennis Shedd
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.56
+0.39+0.72°
24Paul Niemeyer
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.56
+0.56+0.96°
25Laurence Silberman
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.55
+0.69+0.99
26David Sentelle
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.54
+0.69+1.36
27Richard Suhrheinrich
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.54
+0.56+1.22
28William Pryor
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.54
+0.50+0.94°
29Pasco Bowman
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.54
+0.20+1.36
30James Wilkinson
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.53
+0.26+0.86°
31Stephen Anderson
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.53
+0.44+1.29°
32James Edmondson
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.53
+0.33+1.08°
33James Barrett
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.53
+0.49+0.95°
34Eugene Wright
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.53
+0.55+1.10°
35James Buckley
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.53
+0.69+0.40°
36Melvin Brunetti
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.53
+0.49+0.82
37Emmett Cox
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.52
+0.69+1.06°
38Bailey Aldrich
1st Cir. · R appointee
+0.52
+0.17·
39Harry Wellford
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.51
+0.28+1.14
40Bobby Baldock
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.51
+0.26+0.62°
41David Nelson
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.51
+0.69+1.02°
42Michael McConnell
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.51
+0.36+1.11
43Arthur Randolph
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.51
+0.56+1.34°
44Hiram Widener
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.50
+0.55+0.93°
45Arnold Cowen
Fed. Cir. · D appointee
+0.50
·−0.39°
46Amy Barrett
7th Cir. · R appointee · later a justice
+0.50
+0.45+1.18°
47Elizabeth Branch
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.50
+0.48+0.85
48Michael Scudder
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.50
+0.40+1.16
49Andrew Brasher
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.50
+0.45+1.32
50Robert Luck
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.50
+0.65−0.46
51Barbara Lagoa
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.50
+0.65+1.02
52Emilio Garza
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.49
+0.55+1.21
53Daniel Manion
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.49
+0.40+1.20°
54Jerry Smith
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.48
+0.55+0.73°
55C[larence] Beam
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.48
+0.34+1.12°
56James Ryan
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.48
+0.69+0.70
57William Garwood
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.48
+0.44+1.13
58Danny Boggs
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.47
+0.40+0.54°
59Alice Batchelder
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.47
+0.56+0.90°
60Wilbur Pell
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.47
+0.55+0.76°
61Ellsworth Van Graafeiland
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.47
−0.12+0.57°
62Cornelia Kennedy
6th Cir. · D appointee
+0.46
−0.41+0.14
63Stephen Williams
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.46
+0.69+1.16
64James Loken
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.46
+0.20+1.05
65Deanell Tacha
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.46
+0.26+1.19
66G. Agee
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.46
+0.26+1.06
67Frank Magill
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.46
+0.09+1.21°
68Raymond Gruender
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.46
+0.34+1.15
69William Riley
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.45
+0.34+1.20
70John Porfilio
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.45
+0.51+0.95°
71Gerald Tjoflat
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.45
+0.51+0.46°
72Deborah Cook
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.45
+0.26+0.94
73Edward Carnes
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.45
+0.56+0.57°
74Marion Bennett
Fed. Cir. · D appointee
+0.44
·+0.96°
75Pamela Rymer
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.44
+0.35+0.43°
76Karen Henderson
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.44
+0.39+1.13
77D. Fisher
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.43
+0.20+1.16
78Chad Readler
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.43
+0.37+0.92
79David Hansen
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.43
+0.36+1.20°
80Frank Easterbrook
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.43
+0.69+0.73°
81Eugene Siler
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.43
+0.40+0.59°
82Wade Brorby
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.43
+0.45+1.09°
83Michael Park
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.43
+0.40+1.17
84Joel Dubina
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.43
+0.56+1.00
85Andrew Kleinfeld
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.42
+0.28+0.76°
86Sandra Ikuta
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.42
+0.69+1.44
87A. Quattlebaum
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.42
+0.50+1.17
88Reena Raggi
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.41
+0.69+0.65°
89Donald Ross
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.41
+0.47+1.08°
90Richard Sullivan
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.40
+0.40+0.90°
91Timothy Tymkovich
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.40
+0.40+1.22
92Alex Kozinski
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.40
+0.35+1.45
93Steven Colloton
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.39
+0.36+1.06
94Diarmuid O'Scannlain
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.39
+0.10+1.11
95Richard Wesley
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.39
+0.69+0.44
96John Wallace
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.39
+0.55+0.64°
97Brett Kavanaugh
D.C. Cir. · R appointee · later a justice
+0.38
+0.69+0.88
98Jeffrey Sutton
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.38
+0.26+0.96
99Joseph Lumbard
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.38
+0.04·
100Herbert Milburn
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.38
+0.28+1.26°
101David Porter
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.38
+0.62+0.81
102John Gibson
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.38
+0.20+0.70°
103Bruce Selya
1st Cir. · R appointee
+0.38
+0.08+0.80
104Allison Eid
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.38
+0.44+0.75
105Ralph Winter
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.38
+0.07+0.59°
106John Walker
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.38
+0.18+0.91
107Morton Greenberg
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.37
+0.69+0.42°
108Allison Rushing
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.37
+0.41+0.85°
109Richard Posner
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.37
+0.10+1.19°
110W. Davis
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.37
+0.69+0.59°
111Harlington Wood
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.37
+0.10+0.48°
112Thomas Hardiman
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.37
+0.07+0.85
113Alan Norris
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.37
+0.69+0.03
114Jeffrey Howard
1st Cir. · R appointee
+0.37
+0.53+0.97
115Roger Miner
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.36
+0.18+0.97°
116David McKeague
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.36
+0.69+1.39
117Richard Griffin
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.36
+0.69+0.96
118Jesse Henley
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.36
+0.51·
119Thomas Nelson
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.36
+0.59+0.98°
120Diane Sykes
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.35
+0.69+0.64
121Robert Chapman
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.35
+0.39+1.01°
122Terrence O'Brien
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.34
+0.50+1.15°
123E. Jolly
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.34
+0.29+1.39
124Albert Henderson
11th Cir. · D appointee
+0.34
−0.12+0.16°
125Harold DeMoss
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.34
+0.55+1.51
126Harris Hartz
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.34
+0.26+1.10
127Cynthia Hall
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.33
+0.35+0.79°
128John Kilkenny
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.33
+0.10·
129William Thornberry
5th Cir. · D appointee
+0.33
−0.42−0.30°
130Franklin Van Antwerpen
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.33
+0.20+0.66°
131Neil Gorsuch
10th Cir. · R appointee · later a justice
+0.33
+0.57+1.21
132Toby Heytens
4th Cir. · D appointee
+0.33
−0.23−0.94
133Jerome Holmes
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.33
+0.67+0.84
134Edith Clement
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.33
+0.69+0.91
135Raymond Kethledge
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.33
+0.69+1.04
136James Ho
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.33
+0.63+1.25
137Stephen Trott
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.32
+0.59+0.13°
138Milan Smith
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.32
+0.69+0.82
139Floyd Gibson
8th Cir. · D appointee
+0.32
−0.32−0.40°
140Oliver Seth
10th Cir. · D appointee
+0.32
−0.20−0.40°
141Juan Torruella
1st Cir. · R appointee
+0.31
+0.69+0.16°
142Dennis Jacobs
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.31
+0.18+1.11
143Michael Boudin
1st Cir. · R appointee
+0.31
+0.56+0.86°
144Carlos Bea
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.31
+0.69+0.81
145Allyson Duncan
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.31
+0.36+0.95
146Joseph Sneed
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.31
+0.55+0.94°
147Charles Clark
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.31
+0.55+1.22
148John Duhe
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.30
+0.69+1.16
149Otto Skopil
9th Cir. · D appointee
+0.30
−0.50+0.67
150Richard Tallman
9th Cir. · D appointee
+0.30
−0.35+0.69
151Thomas Griffith
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.30
+0.69+1.21
152Debra Livingston
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.30
+0.69+1.28
153Patrick Higginbotham
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.30
+0.44+1.40°
154Roger Wollman
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.30
+0.23+1.01°
155Kurt Engelhardt
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.30
+0.51+1.22
156Steven Menashi
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.30
+0.40+1.23
157Consuelo Callahan
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.29
+0.69+1.15
158D[avid] Smith
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.29
+0.20+0.72°
159Jay Bybee
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.29
+0.69+0.87°
160Mary Murguia
9th Cir. · D appointee
+0.29
−0.36−0.43
161Ralph Guy
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.29
+0.69+0.36°
162Catharina Haynes
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.29
+0.41+0.94°
163Leslie Southwick
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.29
+0.35+1.17
164Eric Miller
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.28
+0.40+1.21
165Douglas Ginsburg
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.28
+0.69+0.38°
166Andrew Oldham
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.28
+0.63+1.63
167Thomas Gee
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.28
+0.44+0.94°
168John Rogers
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.28
+0.46+1.12
169Ryan Nelson
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.28
+0.53+1.06
170Arthur Alarcón
9th Cir. · D appointee
+0.28
−0.39−0.43°
171Michael Kanne
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.28
+0.40+1.18°
172Thomas Meskill
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.27
+0.07+0.09°
173Conrad Cyr
1st Cir. · R appointee
+0.27
+0.10+0.62°
174Don Willett
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.27
+0.63+1.50
175Mark Bennett
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.27
+0.40+0.55
176John Noonan
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.27
+0.35+1.09°
177William Bauer
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.27
+0.10+1.08°
178Kent Jordan
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.26
+0.69+0.76°
179Herbert Choy
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.26
+0.17+0.95°
180Amul Thapar
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.26
+0.65+1.19
181N[orman] Smith
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.26
+0.50+1.16°
182Stanley Birch
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.26
+0.56+1.48
183Glenn Archer
Fed. Cir. · R appointee
+0.25
·+1.16
184Bobby Shepherd
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.25
+0.69+0.32°
185Ferdinand Fernandez
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.25
+0.35−0.51
186John Field
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.25
+0.55·
187Gustavo Gelpi
1st Cir. · D appointee
+0.25
−0.32−0.13
188Peter Phipps
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.25
+0.62+1.08°
189Janice Brown
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.25
+0.69+1.07
190Richard Cardamone
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.24
+0.18+0.86°
191John Bush
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.24
+0.65+1.07
192Robert Beezer
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.23
+0.26+1.33
193Timothy Lewis
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.23
+0.07−0.78
194William Traxler
4th Cir. · D appointee
+0.23
−0.29+1.31
195Leonard Grasz
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.22
+0.57+1.32
196Frank Hull
11th Cir. · D appointee
+0.22
−0.22−0.63°
197Susan Black
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.22
+0.47−0.51°
198William Benton
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.21
+0.34+1.08
199Jonathan Kobes
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.21
+0.39+1.38
200Albert Engel
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.21
+0.33+0.66°
201Pierce Lively
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.20
+0.10−0.26
202Jennifer Elrod
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.20
+0.41+1.31
203Gregory Katsas
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.20
+0.40+1.19
204Julius Richardson
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.20
+0.50+0.40
205Stephanos Bibas
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.20
+0.62+1.18
206Michael Chagares
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.19
+0.69+0.39°
207Leonard Garth
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.19
−0.11+0.13°
208Kenneth Ripple
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.19
+0.40+1.26°
209Randall Rader
Fed. Cir. · R appointee
+0.19
+0.56+0.89°
210James Hill
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.19
+0.51+0.79°
211Joseph Weis
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.19
+0.10+0.61°
212Peter Hall
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.18
+0.69+1.14
213Joel Flaum
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.18
+0.10+0.13°
214Paul Kelly
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.18
+0.26+1.05
215Jane Roth
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.18
+0.27+0.91
216Robert McWilliams
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.18
+0.34+0.86°
217Daniel Friedman
Fed. Cir. · D appointee
+0.17
·−0.62°
218Levin Campbell
1st Cir. · R appointee
+0.17
−0.10+0.74°
219Paul Roney
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.17
+0.31+0.18°
220Robert Parker
5th Cir. · D appointee
+0.17
−0.12−0.21
221Norman Stahl
1st Cir. · R appointee
+0.17
+0.46+0.84
222David Thompson
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.17
+0.35+0.74°
223Stuart Duncan
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.17
+0.51+1.38°
224Robert Cowen
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.16
+0.69+0.36°
225Peter Fay
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.15
+0.51+0.62°
226Julia Gibbons
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.15
+0.38+0.79°
227John Tinder
7th Cir. · R appointee
+0.13
+0.30+0.74°
228Christopher Droney
2nd Cir. · D appointee
+0.13
−0.32−0.66
229Edward Leavy
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.13
+0.10+0.11°
230Morris Arnold
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.13
+0.38−0.53
231Joseph McLaughlin
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.13
+0.18+0.75°
232Paul Michel
Fed. Cir. · R appointee
+0.13
+0.69+0.33
233Neomi Rao
D.C. Cir. · R appointee
+0.13
+0.40+1.18
234Jacques Wiener
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.12
+0.56+0.50
235Sharon Prost
Fed. Cir. · R appointee
+0.12
+0.69+0.85°
236Richard Nygaard
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.12
+0.07+0.65°
237Stanley Marcus
11th Cir. · D appointee
+0.12
−0.23+0.02°
238Britt Grant
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.12
+0.48+1.03°
239Haldane Mayer
Fed. Cir. · R appointee
+0.11
+0.69+0.76°
240Eric Murphy
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.11
+0.37+1.14°
241Paul Matey
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.11
+0.40+0.13
242R[obert] Anderson
11th Cir. · D appointee
+0.10
−0.12−0.63
243Ralph Erickson
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.10
+0.40+1.54
244Richard Clifton
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.10
+0.69+0.86
245Edward Prado
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.10
+0.41+1.19
246Lavenski Smith
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.10
+0.42+0.27°
247Raymond Clevenger
Fed. Cir. · R appointee
+0.10
+0.56+0.83
248Alan Lourie
Fed. Cir. · R appointee
+0.10
+0.56+1.20°
249Sandra Lynch
1st Cir. · D appointee
+0.10
−0.40−0.17
250Raymond Lohier
2nd Cir. · D appointee
+0.10
−0.40−0.81
251Joel Carson
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.10
+0.40−0.69
252Kevin Newsom
11th Cir. · R appointee
+0.10
+0.52+1.28
253Julie Carnes
11th Cir. · D appointee
+0.10
−0.36+0.49°
254Joan Larsen
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.10
+0.40+1.26
255Maryanne Barry
3rd Cir. · D appointee
+0.10
−0.32−0.68°
256Thomas Reavley
5th Cir. · D appointee
+0.09
−0.16+1.00
257Carol Mansmann
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.09
+0.07+0.47°
258Michael Murphy
10th Cir. · D appointee
+0.09
−0.44−0.23°
259David Ebel
10th Cir. · R appointee
+0.09
+0.51+0.87
260Frank Altimari
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.09
+0.18+0.85°
261Gregory Phillips
10th Cir. · D appointee
+0.09
−0.36−0.87
262Anthony Scirica
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.09
+0.07+0.47°
263Walter Stapleton
3rd Cir. · R appointee
+0.09
+0.27−0.95
264Chester Straub
2nd Cir. · D appointee
+0.09
−0.30−0.55
265Joseph Greenaway
3rd Cir. · D appointee
+0.08
−0.37−0.68°
266William Nardini
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.08
+0.40−0.01°
267Kenneth Hall
4th Cir. · R appointee
+0.08
+0.51+1.30°
268Arthur Gajarsa
Fed. Cir. · D appointee
+0.07
−0.44−0.82
269Barrington Parker
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.07
+0.69−0.45
270Michael Melloy
8th Cir. · R appointee
+0.07
+0.36+0.99°
271Mary Briscoe
10th Cir. · D appointee
+0.07
−0.44−0.50°
272Stephen Higginson
5th Cir. · D appointee
+0.07
−0.20+1.07
273Kimberly Moore
Fed. Cir. · R appointee
+0.06
+0.69+1.26
274William Bryson
Fed. Cir. · D appointee
+0.06
−0.44−0.37°
275José Cabranes
2nd Cir. · D appointee
+0.06
−0.27−0.62
276William Kayatta
1st Cir. · D appointee
+0.06
−0.36−0.68
277David Barron
1st Cir. · D appointee
+0.05
−0.52−0.91
278Cory Wilson
5th Cir. · R appointee
+0.05
+0.41+1.17
279Walter Cummings
7th Cir. · D appointee
+0.05
−0.58−0.19°
280S. Plager
Fed. Cir. · R appointee
+0.05
+0.56+1.14
281Alvin Schall
Fed. Cir. · R appointee
+0.04
+0.56+0.91
282Carolyn King
5th Cir. · D appointee
+0.04
−0.16−0.35°
283Susan Graber
9th Cir. · D appointee
+0.04
−0.33−0.64°
284Richard Linn
Fed. Cir. · D appointee
+0.04
−0.44−0.51
285Pauline Newman
Fed. Cir. · R appointee
+0.04
+0.69+0.15°
286Gerard Lynch
2nd Cir. · D appointee
+0.04
−0.40−0.82
287Thomas Vanaskie
3rd Cir. · D appointee
+0.04
−0.32−0.85
288John Owens
9th Cir. · D appointee
+0.03
−0.36−0.69°
289Michael Hawkins
9th Cir. · D appointee
+0.03
−0.22−0.56
290Robert Sack
2nd Cir. · D appointee
+0.03
−0.30−0.44°
291John Nalbandian
6th Cir. · R appointee
+0.02
+0.65+0.93
292Carolyn McHugh
10th Cir. · D appointee
+0.02
−0.36−0.43
293Ronald Gilman
6th Cir. · D appointee
+0.02
−0.44−0.12
294Scott Matheson
10th Cir. · D appointee
+0.02
−0.36−0.65
295Alfred Goodwin
9th Cir. · R appointee
+0.02
+0.10−0.81
296John Godbold
11th Cir. · D appointee
+0.01
−0.23−0.63°
297Bernice Donald
6th Cir. · D appointee
+0.01
−0.36−0.68
298Kathleen O'Malley
Fed. Cir. · D appointee
+0.01
−0.36−0.51°
299Ronald Gould
9th Cir. · D appointee
+0.01
−0.35−0.76
300Timothy Dyk
Fed. Cir. · D appointee
+0.01
−0.44−0.81
301Joseph Farris
9th Cir. · D appointee
+0.01
−0.31−0.51°
302Howard Markey
Fed. Cir. · D appointee
+0.00
+0.69+0.44°
303Lawrence Pierce
2nd Cir. · R appointee
+0.00
+0.18−0.51°
304Alvin Rubin
5th Cir. · D appointee
+0.00
−0.19−0.04°
305Robert Wilkins
D.C. Cir. · D appointee
+0.00
−0.36−0.99
306Stephanie Thacker
4th Cir. · D appointee
+0.00
−0.19−0.66
307Andrew Hurwitz
9th Cir. · D appointee
+0.00
−0.36−0.55
308Diana Murphy
8th Cir. · D appointee
−0.00
−0.58−0.48°
309Robert Bacharach
10th Cir. · D appointee
−0.01
−0.36−0.95°
310Julio Fuentes
3rd Cir. · D appointee
−0.01
−0.32−0.88°
311Luis Restrepo
3rd Cir. · D appointee
−0.01
−0.31−0.59°
312Max Rosenn
3rd Cir. · R appointee
−0.01
+0.10+0.73°
313Charles Wilson
11th Cir. · D appointee
−0.01
−0.23−0.41°
314Susan Carney
2nd Cir. · D appointee
−0.01
−0.35−0.58°
315Gregg Costa
5th Cir. · D appointee
−0.02
−0.36+0.03°
316Fred Parker
2nd Cir. · D appointee
−0.03
−0.36+0.84°
317Kermit Bye
8th Cir. · D appointee
−0.03
−0.28−0.36
318Terence Evans
7th Cir. · D appointee
−0.03
·−1.03
319Johnnie Rawlinson
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.03
−0.26−0.45°
320Ann Williams
7th Cir. · D appointee
−0.04
−0.35−1.08
321Thomas Ambro
3rd Cir. · D appointee
−0.04
−0.31−0.27
322Srikanth Srinivasan
D.C. Cir. · D appointee
−0.05
−0.36−0.93
323Sidney Thomas
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.05
−0.21−0.69
324Nancy Moritz
10th Cir. · D appointee
−0.06
−0.36−0.73°
325Diane Wood
7th Cir. · D appointee
−0.06
−0.37−0.93
326Helene White
6th Cir. · R appointee
−0.06
+0.69−0.66
327Amalya Kearse
2nd Cir. · D appointee
−0.06
−0.30−0.49°
328Aloyisus Higginbotham
3rd Cir. · D appointee
−0.06
−0.50−0.52
329Jon Newman
2nd Cir. · D appointee
−0.07
−0.31−0.20°
330Raymond Fisher
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.07
−0.36−0.82
331Edward Becker
3rd Cir. · R appointee
−0.08
+0.07+0.39°
332Beverly Martin
11th Cir. · D appointee
−0.08
−0.36−0.03
333Sonia Sotomayor
2nd Cir. · D appointee · later a justice
−0.09
−0.30−1.15°
334Pierre Leval
2nd Cir. · D appointee
−0.10
−0.30+0.21°
335Patty Shwartz
3rd Cir. · D appointee
−0.10
−0.44−0.60°
336William Holloway
10th Cir. · D appointee
−0.10
−0.33−0.16°
337Stephen Breyer
1st Cir. · D appointee · later a justice
−0.10
−0.41−0.74°
338Paul Watford
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.10
−0.36−0.82
339Patricia Millett
D.C. Cir. · D appointee
−0.10
−0.36−0.83
340Carl Stewart
5th Cir. · D appointee
−0.10
−0.16−0.10°
341Robert King
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.10
−0.32−0.64
342Robin Rosenbaum
11th Cir. · D appointee
−0.11
−0.19−0.39°
343Cornelia Pillard
D.C. Cir. · D appointee
−0.11
−0.36−1.03
344Cheryl Krause
3rd Cir. · D appointee
−0.11
−0.31−0.85
345Robert Katzmann
2nd Cir. · D appointee
−0.11
−0.33−0.52°
346Adalberto Jordan
11th Cir. · D appointee
−0.11
−0.19−0.45°
347Jane Kelly
8th Cir. · D appointee
−0.11
−0.35−1.10
348Marjorie Rendell
3rd Cir. · D appointee
−0.12
−0.44−0.58
349Procter Hug
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.12
−0.21+1.22
350Roger Gregory
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.12
+0.34−0.52
351James Sprouse
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.12
−0.28−0.45°
352Fortunato Benavides
5th Cir. · D appointee
−0.13
−0.12−0.33°
353DeAndrea Benjamin
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.13
−0.32−0.36
354James Graves
5th Cir. · D appointee
−0.14
−0.36−1.09°
355Denny Chin
2nd Cir. · D appointee
−0.14
−0.40+0.40
356Kermit Lipez
1st Cir. · D appointee
−0.14
−0.44−0.50
357Albert Diaz
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.14
−0.20−0.61°
358Barbara Keenan
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.14
−0.19−0.43°
359Ojetta Thompson
1st Cir. · D appointee
−0.14
−0.36−1.10
360Merrick Garland
D.C. Cir. · D appointee
−0.14
−0.44−0.59°
361Joseph Hatchett
11th Cir. · D appointee
−0.15
−0.20−0.53
362Pamela Harris
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.15
−0.36−0.85
363David Hamilton
7th Cir. · D appointee
−0.15
−0.16−0.59
364James Logan
10th Cir. · D appointee
−0.16
−0.50−0.17
365Ilana Rovner
7th Cir. · R appointee
−0.17
+0.56+1.12
366John Peck
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.17
−0.07−0.14°
367Richard Arnold
8th Cir. · D appointee
−0.17
−0.34−0.45°
368Martha Daughtrey
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.18
−0.34−0.66
369Ruggero Aldisert
3rd Cir. · D appointee
−0.18
−0.58+0.04°
370Andre Davis
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.18
−0.34−0.60
371Theodore McKee
3rd Cir. · D appointee
−0.18
−0.33−0.46°
372Frank Johnson
11th Cir. · D appointee
−0.18
−0.20·
373Morgan Christen
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.18
−0.23−0.70°
374Collins Seitz
3rd Cir. · D appointee
−0.19
−0.34+0.03°
375Henry Politz
5th Cir. · D appointee
−0.19
−0.19+0.29°
376Wilfred Feinberg
2nd Cir. · D appointee
−0.19
−0.47−0.24°
377Jane Stranch
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.19
−0.36−0.52
378Samuel Ervin
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.19
−0.24−0.34°
379Rosemary Pooler
2nd Cir. · D appointee
−0.19
−0.30−0.75°
380James Wynn
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.20
−0.20−0.69
381Cecil Poole
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.20
−0.39−0.63°
382James Phillips
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.20
−0.24−0.46°
383Diana Motz
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.21
−0.40−0.33°
384Judith Rogers
D.C. Cir. · D appointee
−0.21
−0.44−0.73°
385Barry Silverman
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.21
−0.44−0.44°
386Ransey Cole
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.22
−0.26−0.63°
387Samuel Johnson
5th Cir. · D appointee
−0.22
−0.16−0.39°
388Dolores Sloviter
3rd Cir. · D appointee
−0.22
−0.50−0.26°
389Robert Henry
10th Cir. · D appointee
−0.22
−0.14−0.34°
390Jerre Williams
5th Cir. · D appointee
−0.22
−0.16−0.37°
391Hugh Bownes
1st Cir. · D appointee
−0.22
−0.35−0.17°
392Gilbert Merritt
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.23
−0.35+0.47
393John Butzner
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.23
−0.05−0.11°
394Phyllis Kravitch
11th Cir. · D appointee
−0.23
−0.12−0.61°
395Jacqueline Nguyen
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.23
−0.36−0.66
396Frank Coffin
1st Cir. · D appointee
−0.23
−0.38−0.16°
397Guido Calabresi
2nd Cir. · D appointee
−0.24
−0.27−0.76
398Michelle Friedland
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.24
−0.36−1.02
399M. McKeown
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.25
−0.35−0.85
400Warren Ferguson
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.26
−0.39+0.01°
401James Oakes
2nd Cir. · R appointee
−0.26
+0.10+0.21°
402Francis Murnaghan
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.26
−0.43−0.26°
403Mary Schroeder
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.26
−0.22−0.24°
404David Tatel
D.C. Cir. · D appointee
−0.28
−0.40−0.78
405William Fletcher
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.28
−0.36−0.93
406Eric Clay
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.28
−0.40−0.75
407Thomas Tang
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.29
−0.22−0.16°
408Atsushi Tashima
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.29
−0.36−0.39
409Thomas Fairchild
7th Cir. · D appointee
−0.30
−0.58−0.35°
410Dorothy Nelson
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.31
−0.39−0.57°
411M. Michael
4th Cir. · D appointee
−0.33
−0.32−0.51
412Jesse Eschbach
7th Cir. · R appointee
−0.33
+0.40−0.32°
413Lewis Morgan
11th Cir. · D appointee
−0.33
−0.04−0.23°
414Kim Wardlaw
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.33
−0.36−0.82°
415Richard Cudahy
7th Cir. · D appointee
−0.34
−0.33−0.80
416Carlos Lucero
10th Cir. · D appointee
−0.34
−0.14−0.48
417Harry Edwards
D.C. Cir. · D appointee
−0.35
−0.50−0.37°
418Boyce Martin
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.36
−0.30−0.07°
419James Dennis
5th Cir. · D appointee
−0.37
−0.16−0.12°
420Karen Moore
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.37
−0.26−0.71
421James Browning
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.38
−0.46+1.17
422William Norris
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.39
−0.39−0.85
423Robert Boochever
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.40
−0.28−0.16°
424Elbert Tuttle
11th Cir. · R appointee
−0.40
+0.28·
425Donald Lay
8th Cir. · D appointee
−0.40
−0.34−0.46°
426Harry Pregerson
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.42
−0.39−0.14°
427Stephanie Seymour
10th Cir. · D appointee
−0.42
−0.14−0.38°
428Thomas Clark
11th Cir. · D appointee
−0.42
−0.20−0.68°
429Myron Bright
8th Cir. · D appointee
−0.43
−0.37−0.04°
430Richard Paez
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.43
−0.36+0.97
431Monroe McKay
10th Cir. · D appointee
−0.44
−0.50−0.39°
432John Brown
5th Cir. · R appointee
−0.44
+0.28·
433Irving Kaufman
2nd Cir. · D appointee
−0.44
−0.47·
434Reynaldo Garza
5th Cir. · D appointee
−0.46
−0.16−0.33°
435Damon Keith
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.46
−0.43−0.55°
436William Canby
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.46
−0.22−0.21
437Marsha Berzon
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.48
−0.36−0.83
438Irving Goldberg
5th Cir. · D appointee
−0.50
−0.42−0.06°
439Theodore McMillian
8th Cir. · D appointee
−0.52
−0.38−0.31°
440Stephen Reinhardt
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.55
−0.39−0.29°
441Nathaniel Jones
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.57
−0.38−0.88
442Betty Fletcher
9th Cir. · D appointee
−0.58
−0.31−0.57
443Abner Mikva
D.C. Cir. · D appointee
−0.59
−0.50−0.92
444Rosemary Barkett
11th Cir. · D appointee
−0.60
−0.23−0.65
445Patricia Wald
D.C. Cir. · D appointee
−0.60
−0.50−0.99
446Gerald Heaney
8th Cir. · D appointee
−0.64
−0.44−0.92
447Anthony Celebrezze
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.67
−0.07−0.21°
448Spottswood Robinson
D.C. Cir. · D appointee
−0.67
−0.34−0.41°
449John Wisdom
5th Cir. · R appointee
−0.67
+0.28·
450Veronica Rossman
10th Cir. · D appointee
−0.67
−0.24−0.96
451George Edwards
6th Cir. · D appointee
−0.80
−0.52−0.27°
−1 · liberal pole0+1 · conservative pole
Dot: the score. Pale band: the published 95% interval, clamped to the track where it runs past the edge — the exact figures are in the hover text.

19 more judges drew too few evaluations to score and hold no rank — the published file carries them at exactly zero, an artifact, not a measurement: Ruth Ginsburg (D.C. Cir.), Jack Miller (Fed. Cir.), Helen Nies (Fed. Cir.), Giles Rich (Fed. Cir.), Edward Smith (Fed. Cir.), Amy St. Eve (7th Cir.), Henry Floyd (4th Cir.), Joseph Bianco (2nd Cir.), Evan Wallach (Fed. Cir.), Jimmie Reyna (Fed. Cir.), Richard Taranto (Fed. Cir.), Raymond Chen (Fed. Cir.), Todd Hughes (Fed. Cir.), Jill Pryor (11th Cir.), Kara Stoll (Fed. Cir.), David Stras (8th Cir.), Michael Brennan (7th Cir.), Justin Walker (D.C. Cir.) and Thomas Kirsch (7th Cir.).

The Fifth Circuit test

The best argument for measuring judges by observed behavior rather than by the politics of their appointment sits at the bottom of this table. Three of the southern judges history calls the Fifth Circuit Four — the Republican appointees who enforced Brown v. Board of Education across the Deep South through the 1950s and 1960s — survive into the evaluation window: John Minor Wisdom (#449, −0.67), John R. Brown (#432, −0.44), and Elbert Tuttle (#424, −0.40, carried under the 11th Circuit, where the 1981 split placed him). The fourth, Richard Rives, died in 1982, before the window opens.

All three were appointed by a Republican president, so the appointment-based JCS scores all three at an identical +0.28 — conservative. The lawyers who actually appeared before them put Wisdom third from the liberal end of 451 careers. One of these rulers watched the judges work. The other read the election returns.

The reverse cases exist too, with a caveat attached. Two Democratic appointees sit near the conservative pole — Bailey Brown of the 6th Circuit (#6, +0.67, against a JCS of −0.35) and Francis Van Dusen of the 3rd (#8, +0.67, against −0.58) — but both scores rest on evaluation records so thin that no confidence interval could be computed for either. The Fifth Circuit finding stands on drawn intervals; these two are flagged as the anecdotes they are.

How much of this order is real

Less than a ranked table implies, and the drawn intervals are on the page so the reader can see exactly how much less. The median published interval is 0.20 units wide; the median gap between one rank and the next is 0.002 — the uncertainty around a typical judge is roughly a hundred times the distance to the next name on the list. 118 of the 451 intervals cross zero, meaning the data cannot even certify which half of the spectrum those judges belong to. And 186 of the 451 share their score with at least one other judge to the third decimal place, so whole runs of adjacent ranks are ties wearing different numbers.

The pathologies are instructive rather than disqualifying, and they cluster where the evaluation record is thin. The #2 judge on the list, William Timbers, carries an interval that runs from −0.22 to +1.89, spanning zero from the second-most-conservative seat. Amy Coney Barrett's three circuit years produced the widest interval in the dataset, −2.66 to +3.66 — wider than the entire scale it sits on. Another 7 judges have no computable interval at all, and 4 more — the Chief Justice among them — carry an interval of exactly zero width, which does not mean certainty; it means every evaluation said the same thing.

Read it the way the site's other rankings ask to be read: the ends are findings, the neighborhoods are real, and the difference between #200 and #230 is noise. What the intervals certify is the shape — who belongs at the poles, who belongs in the middle — not the third digit of anyone's rank.

Two rulers, one bench

Every judge scored by both measures: the observed JuDJIS against the appointment-based JCS, one dot per judge, hover for names. The measures correlate at 0.65 across 446 judges — and land on opposite sides of zero for 66 of them. The labeled dots are the judges discussed above; the off-diagonal corners are where one ruler or the other is wrong.

JCS conservative, JuDJIS liberalJCS liberal, JuDJIS conservativeJCS →JuDJIS ↑Donald Russell (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.93 · JCS +0.39William Timbers (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.83 · JCS +0.07Leroy Contie (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.78 · JCS +0.69George MacKinnon (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.78 · JCS +0.55J. Luttig (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.69 · JCS +0.26George Pratt (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.67 · JCS +0.18John Coffey (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.64 · JCS +0.26George Fagg (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.64 · JCS +0.35Clyde Hamilton (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.64 · JCS +0.39Samuel Alito (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.63 · JCS +0.56William Hutchinson (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.62 · JCS +0.07Robert Krupansky (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.60 · JCS +0.69Rhesa Barksdale (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.60 · JCS +0.34Edith Jones (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.59 · JCS +0.55Priscilla Richman (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.59 · JCS +0.41Karen Williams (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.59 · JCS +0.39William Wilkins (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.59 · JCS +0.39Charles Wiggins (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.58 · JCS +0.35John Mahoney (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.57 · JCS +0.18Dennis Shedd (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.56 · JCS +0.39Paul Niemeyer (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.56 · JCS +0.56Laurence Silberman (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.55 · JCS +0.69David Sentelle (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.54 · JCS +0.69Richard Suhrheinrich (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.54 · JCS +0.56William Pryor (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.54 · JCS +0.50Pasco Bowman (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.54 · JCS +0.20James Wilkinson (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.53 · JCS +0.26Stephen Anderson (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.53 · JCS +0.44James Edmondson (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.53 · JCS +0.33James Barrett (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.53 · JCS +0.49Eugene Wright (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.53 · JCS +0.55James Buckley (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.53 · JCS +0.69Melvin Brunetti (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.53 · JCS +0.49Emmett Cox (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.52 · JCS +0.69Bailey Aldrich (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.52 · JCS +0.17Harry Wellford (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.51 · JCS +0.28Bobby Baldock (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.51 · JCS +0.26David Nelson (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.51 · JCS +0.69Michael McConnell (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.51 · JCS +0.36Arthur Randolph (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.51 · JCS +0.56Hiram Widener (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.50 · JCS +0.55Amy Barrett (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.50 · JCS +0.45Elizabeth Branch (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.50 · JCS +0.48Michael Scudder (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.50 · JCS +0.40Andrew Brasher (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.50 · JCS +0.45Robert Luck (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.50 · JCS +0.65Barbara Lagoa (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.50 · JCS +0.65Emilio Garza (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.49 · JCS +0.55Daniel Manion (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.49 · JCS +0.40Jerry Smith (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.48 · JCS +0.55C[larence] Beam (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.48 · JCS +0.34James Ryan (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.48 · JCS +0.69William Garwood (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.48 · JCS +0.44Danny Boggs (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.47 · JCS +0.40Alice Batchelder (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.47 · JCS +0.56Wilbur Pell (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.47 · JCS +0.55Ellsworth Van Graafeiland (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.47 · JCS −0.12Cornelia Kennedy (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.46 · JCS −0.41Stephen Williams (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.46 · JCS +0.69James Loken (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.46 · JCS +0.20Deanell Tacha (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.46 · JCS +0.26G. Agee (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.46 · JCS +0.26Frank Magill (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.46 · JCS +0.09Raymond Gruender (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.46 · JCS +0.34William Riley (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.45 · JCS +0.34John Porfilio (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.45 · JCS +0.51Gerald Tjoflat (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.45 · JCS +0.51Deborah Cook (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.45 · JCS +0.26Edward Carnes (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.45 · JCS +0.56Pamela Rymer (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.44 · JCS +0.35Karen Henderson (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.44 · JCS +0.39D. Fisher (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.43 · JCS +0.20Chad Readler (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.43 · JCS +0.37David Hansen (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.43 · JCS +0.36Frank Easterbrook (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.43 · JCS +0.69Eugene Siler (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.43 · JCS +0.40Wade Brorby (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.43 · JCS +0.45Michael Park (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.43 · JCS +0.40Joel Dubina (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.43 · JCS +0.56Andrew Kleinfeld (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.42 · JCS +0.28Sandra Ikuta (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.42 · JCS +0.69A. Quattlebaum (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.42 · JCS +0.50Reena Raggi (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.41 · JCS +0.69Donald Ross (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.41 · JCS +0.47Richard Sullivan (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.40 · JCS +0.40Timothy Tymkovich (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.40 · JCS +0.40Alex Kozinski (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.40 · JCS +0.35Steven Colloton (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.39 · JCS +0.36Diarmuid O'Scannlain (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.39 · JCS +0.10Richard Wesley (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.39 · JCS +0.69John Wallace (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.39 · JCS +0.55Brett Kavanaugh (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.38 · JCS +0.69Jeffrey Sutton (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.38 · JCS +0.26Joseph Lumbard (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.38 · JCS +0.04Herbert Milburn (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.38 · JCS +0.28David Porter (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.38 · JCS +0.62John Gibson (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.38 · JCS +0.20Bruce Selya (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.38 · JCS +0.08Allison Eid (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.38 · JCS +0.44Ralph Winter (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.38 · JCS +0.07John Walker (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.38 · JCS +0.18Morton Greenberg (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.37 · JCS +0.69Allison Rushing (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.37 · JCS +0.41Richard Posner (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.37 · JCS +0.10W. Davis (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.37 · JCS +0.69Harlington Wood (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.37 · JCS +0.10Thomas Hardiman (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.37 · JCS +0.07Alan Norris (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.37 · JCS +0.69Jeffrey Howard (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.37 · JCS +0.53Roger Miner (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.36 · JCS +0.18David McKeague (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.36 · JCS +0.69Richard Griffin (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.36 · JCS +0.69Jesse Henley (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.36 · JCS +0.51Thomas Nelson (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.36 · JCS +0.59Diane Sykes (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.35 · JCS +0.69Robert Chapman (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.35 · JCS +0.39Terrence O'Brien (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.34 · JCS +0.50E. Jolly (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.34 · JCS +0.29Albert Henderson (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.34 · JCS −0.12Harold DeMoss (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.34 · JCS +0.55Harris Hartz (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.34 · JCS +0.26Cynthia Hall (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.33 · JCS +0.35John Kilkenny (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.33 · JCS +0.10William Thornberry (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.33 · JCS −0.42Franklin Van Antwerpen (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.33 · JCS +0.20Neil Gorsuch (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.33 · JCS +0.57Toby Heytens (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.33 · JCS −0.23Jerome Holmes (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.33 · JCS +0.67Edith Clement (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.33 · JCS +0.69Raymond Kethledge (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.33 · JCS +0.69James Ho (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.33 · JCS +0.63Stephen Trott (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.32 · JCS +0.59Milan Smith (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.32 · JCS +0.69Floyd Gibson (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.32 · JCS −0.32Oliver Seth (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.32 · JCS −0.20Juan Torruella (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.31 · JCS +0.69Dennis Jacobs (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.31 · JCS +0.18Michael Boudin (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.31 · JCS +0.56Carlos Bea (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.31 · JCS +0.69Allyson Duncan (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.31 · JCS +0.36Joseph Sneed (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.31 · JCS +0.55Charles Clark (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.31 · JCS +0.55John Duhe (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.30 · JCS +0.69Otto Skopil (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.30 · JCS −0.50Richard Tallman (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.30 · JCS −0.35Thomas Griffith (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.30 · JCS +0.69Debra Livingston (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.30 · JCS +0.69Patrick Higginbotham (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.30 · JCS +0.44Roger Wollman (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.30 · JCS +0.23Kurt Engelhardt (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.30 · JCS +0.51Steven Menashi (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.30 · JCS +0.40Consuelo Callahan (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.29 · JCS +0.69D[avid] Smith (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.29 · JCS +0.20Jay Bybee (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.29 · JCS +0.69Mary Murguia (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.29 · JCS −0.36Ralph Guy (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.29 · JCS +0.69Catharina Haynes (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.29 · JCS +0.41Leslie Southwick (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.29 · JCS +0.35Eric Miller (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.28 · JCS +0.40Douglas Ginsburg (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.28 · JCS +0.69Andrew Oldham (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.28 · JCS +0.63Thomas Gee (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.28 · JCS +0.44John Rogers (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.28 · JCS +0.46Ryan Nelson (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.28 · JCS +0.53Arthur Alarc√≥n (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.28 · JCS −0.39Michael Kanne (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.28 · JCS +0.40Thomas Meskill (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.27 · JCS +0.07Conrad Cyr (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.27 · JCS +0.10Don Willett (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.27 · JCS +0.63Mark Bennett (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.27 · JCS +0.40John Noonan (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.27 · JCS +0.35William Bauer (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.27 · JCS +0.10Kent Jordan (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.26 · JCS +0.69Herbert Choy (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.26 · JCS +0.17Amul Thapar (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.26 · JCS +0.65N[orman] Smith (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.26 · JCS +0.50Stanley Birch (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.26 · JCS +0.56Bobby Shepherd (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.25 · JCS +0.69Ferdinand Fernandez (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.25 · JCS +0.35John Field (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.25 · JCS +0.55Gustavo Gelpi (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.25 · JCS −0.32Peter Phipps (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.25 · JCS +0.62Janice Brown (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.25 · JCS +0.69Richard Cardamone (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.24 · JCS +0.18John Bush (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.24 · JCS +0.65Robert Beezer (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.23 · JCS +0.26Timothy Lewis (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.23 · JCS +0.07William Traxler (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.23 · JCS −0.29Leonard Grasz (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.22 · JCS +0.57Frank Hull (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.22 · JCS −0.22Susan Black (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.22 · JCS +0.47William Benton (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.21 · JCS +0.34Jonathan Kobes (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.21 · JCS +0.39Albert Engel (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.21 · JCS +0.33Pierce Lively (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.20 · JCS +0.10Jennifer Elrod (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.20 · JCS +0.41Gregory Katsas (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.20 · JCS +0.40Julius Richardson (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.20 · JCS +0.50Stephanos Bibas (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.20 · JCS +0.62Michael Chagares (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.19 · JCS +0.69Leonard Garth (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.19 · JCS −0.11Kenneth Ripple (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.19 · JCS +0.40Randall Rader (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.19 · JCS +0.56James Hill (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.19 · JCS +0.51Joseph Weis (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.19 · JCS +0.10Peter Hall (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.18 · JCS +0.69Joel Flaum (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.18 · JCS +0.10Paul Kelly (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.18 · JCS +0.26Jane Roth (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.18 · JCS +0.27Robert McWilliams (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.18 · JCS +0.34Levin Campbell (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.17 · JCS −0.10Paul Roney (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.17 · JCS +0.31Robert Parker (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.17 · JCS −0.12Norman Stahl (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.17 · JCS +0.46David Thompson (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.17 · JCS +0.35Stuart Duncan (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.17 · JCS +0.51Robert Cowen (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.16 · JCS +0.69Peter Fay (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.15 · JCS +0.51Julia Gibbons (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.15 · JCS +0.38John Tinder (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.13 · JCS +0.30Christopher Droney (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.13 · JCS −0.32Edward Leavy (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.13 · JCS +0.10Morris Arnold (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.13 · JCS +0.38Joseph McLaughlin (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.13 · JCS +0.18Paul Michel (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.13 · JCS +0.69Neomi Rao (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.13 · JCS +0.40Jacques Wiener (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.12 · JCS +0.56Sharon Prost (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.12 · JCS +0.69Richard Nygaard (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.12 · JCS +0.07Stanley Marcus (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.12 · JCS −0.23Britt Grant (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.12 · JCS +0.48Haldane Mayer (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.11 · JCS +0.69Eric Murphy (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.11 · JCS +0.37Paul Matey (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.11 · JCS +0.40R[obert] Anderson (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS −0.12Ralph Erickson (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS +0.40Richard Clifton (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS +0.69Edward Prado (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS +0.41Lavenski Smith (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS +0.42Raymond Clevenger (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS +0.56Alan Lourie (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS +0.56Sandra Lynch (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS −0.40Raymond Lohier (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS −0.40Joel Carson (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS +0.40Kevin Newsom (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS +0.52Julie Carnes (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS −0.36Joan Larsen (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS +0.40Maryanne Barry (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.10 · JCS −0.32Thomas Reavley (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.09 · JCS −0.16Carol Mansmann (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.09 · JCS +0.07Michael Murphy (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.09 · JCS −0.44David Ebel (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.09 · JCS +0.51Frank Altimari (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.09 · JCS +0.18Gregory Phillips (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.09 · JCS −0.36Anthony Scirica (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.09 · JCS +0.07Walter Stapleton (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.09 · JCS +0.27Chester Straub (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.09 · JCS −0.30Joseph Greenaway (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.08 · JCS −0.37William Nardini (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.08 · JCS +0.40Kenneth Hall (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.08 · JCS +0.51Arthur Gajarsa (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.07 · JCS −0.44Barrington Parker (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.07 · JCS +0.69Michael Melloy (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.07 · JCS +0.36Mary Briscoe (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.07 · JCS −0.44Stephen Higginson (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.07 · JCS −0.20Kimberly Moore (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.06 · JCS +0.69William Bryson (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.06 · JCS −0.44Jos√© Cabranes (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.06 · JCS −0.27William Kayatta (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.06 · JCS −0.36David Barron (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.05 · JCS −0.52Cory Wilson (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.05 · JCS +0.41Walter Cummings (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.05 · JCS −0.58S. Plager (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.05 · JCS +0.56Alvin Schall (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.04 · JCS +0.56Carolyn King (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.04 · JCS −0.16Susan Graber (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.04 · JCS −0.33Richard Linn (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.04 · JCS −0.44Pauline Newman (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.04 · JCS +0.69Gerard Lynch (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.04 · JCS −0.40Thomas Vanaskie (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.04 · JCS −0.32John Owens (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.03 · JCS −0.36Michael Hawkins (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.03 · JCS −0.22Robert Sack (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.03 · JCS −0.30John Nalbandian (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.02 · JCS +0.65Carolyn McHugh (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.02 · JCS −0.36Ronald Gilman (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.02 · JCS −0.44Scott Matheson (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.02 · JCS −0.36Alfred Goodwin (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.02 · JCS +0.10John Godbold (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.01 · JCS −0.23Bernice Donald (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.01 · JCS −0.36Kathleen O'Malley (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.01 · JCS −0.36Ronald Gould (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.01 · JCS −0.35Timothy Dyk (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.01 · JCS −0.44Joseph Farris (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.01 · JCS −0.31Howard Markey (Fed. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.00 · JCS +0.69Lawrence Pierce (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.00 · JCS +0.18Alvin Rubin (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.00 · JCS −0.19Robert Wilkins (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.00 · JCS −0.36Stephanie Thacker (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.00 · JCS −0.19Andrew Hurwitz (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.00 · JCS −0.36Diana Murphy (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.00 · JCS −0.58Robert Bacharach (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.01 · JCS −0.36Julio Fuentes (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.01 · JCS −0.32Luis Restrepo (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.01 · JCS −0.31Max Rosenn (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.01 · JCS +0.10Charles Wilson (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.01 · JCS −0.23Susan Carney (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.01 · JCS −0.35Gregg Costa (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.02 · JCS −0.36Fred Parker (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.03 · JCS −0.36Kermit Bye (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.03 · JCS −0.28Johnnie Rawlinson (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.03 · JCS −0.26Ann Williams (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.04 · JCS −0.35Thomas Ambro (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.04 · JCS −0.31Srikanth Srinivasan (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.05 · JCS −0.36Sidney Thomas (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.05 · JCS −0.21Nancy Moritz (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.06 · JCS −0.36Diane Wood (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.06 · JCS −0.37Helene White (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.06 · JCS +0.69Amalya Kearse (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.06 · JCS −0.30Aloyisus Higginbotham (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.06 · JCS −0.50Jon Newman (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.07 · JCS −0.31Raymond Fisher (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.07 · JCS −0.36Edward Becker (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.08 · JCS +0.07Beverly Martin (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.08 · JCS −0.36Sonia Sotomayor (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.09 · JCS −0.30Pierre Leval (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.10 · JCS −0.30Patty Shwartz (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.10 · JCS −0.44William Holloway (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.10 · JCS −0.33Stephen Breyer (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.10 · JCS −0.41Paul Watford (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.10 · JCS −0.36Patricia Millett (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.10 · JCS −0.36Carl Stewart (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.10 · JCS −0.16Robert King (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.10 · JCS −0.32Robin Rosenbaum (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.11 · JCS −0.19Cornelia Pillard (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.11 · JCS −0.36Cheryl Krause (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.11 · JCS −0.31Robert Katzmann (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.11 · JCS −0.33Adalberto Jordan (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.11 · JCS −0.19Jane Kelly (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.11 · JCS −0.35Marjorie Rendell (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.12 · JCS −0.44Procter Hug (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.12 · JCS −0.21Roger Gregory (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.12 · JCS +0.34James Sprouse (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.12 · JCS −0.28Fortunato Benavides (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.13 · JCS −0.12DeAndrea Benjamin (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.13 · JCS −0.32James Graves (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.14 · JCS −0.36Denny Chin (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.14 · JCS −0.40Kermit Lipez (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.14 · JCS −0.44Albert Diaz (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.14 · JCS −0.20Barbara Keenan (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.14 · JCS −0.19Ojetta Thompson (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.14 · JCS −0.36Merrick Garland (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.14 · JCS −0.44Joseph Hatchett (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.15 · JCS −0.20Pamela Harris (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.15 · JCS −0.36David Hamilton (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.15 · JCS −0.16James Logan (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.16 · JCS −0.50Ilana Rovner (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.17 · JCS +0.56John Peck (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.17 · JCS −0.07Richard Arnold (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.17 · JCS −0.34Martha Daughtrey (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.18 · JCS −0.34Ruggero Aldisert (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.18 · JCS −0.58Andre Davis (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.18 · JCS −0.34Theodore McKee (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.18 · JCS −0.33Frank Johnson (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.18 · JCS −0.20Morgan Christen (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.18 · JCS −0.23Collins Seitz (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.19 · JCS −0.34Henry Politz (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.19 · JCS −0.19Wilfred Feinberg (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.19 · JCS −0.47Jane Stranch (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.19 · JCS −0.36Samuel Ervin (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.19 · JCS −0.24Rosemary Pooler (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.19 · JCS −0.30James Wynn (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.20 · JCS −0.20Cecil Poole (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.20 · JCS −0.39James Phillips (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.20 · JCS −0.24Diana Motz (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.21 · JCS −0.40Judith Rogers (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.21 · JCS −0.44Barry Silverman (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.21 · JCS −0.44Ransey Cole (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.22 · JCS −0.26Samuel Johnson (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.22 · JCS −0.16Dolores Sloviter (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.22 · JCS −0.50Robert Henry (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.22 · JCS −0.14Jerre Williams (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.22 · JCS −0.16Hugh Bownes (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.22 · JCS −0.35Gilbert Merritt (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.23 · JCS −0.35John Butzner (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.23 · JCS −0.05Phyllis Kravitch (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.23 · JCS −0.12Jacqueline Nguyen (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.23 · JCS −0.36Frank Coffin (1st Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.23 · JCS −0.38Guido Calabresi (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.24 · JCS −0.27Michelle Friedland (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.24 · JCS −0.36M. McKeown (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.25 · JCS −0.35Warren Ferguson (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.26 · JCS −0.39James Oakes (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.26 · JCS +0.10Francis Murnaghan (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.26 · JCS −0.43Mary Schroeder (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.26 · JCS −0.22David Tatel (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.28 · JCS −0.40William Fletcher (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.28 · JCS −0.36Eric Clay (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.28 · JCS −0.40Thomas Tang (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.29 · JCS −0.22Atsushi Tashima (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.29 · JCS −0.36Thomas Fairchild (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.30 · JCS −0.58Dorothy Nelson (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.31 · JCS −0.39M. Michael (4th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.33 · JCS −0.32Jesse Eschbach (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.33 · JCS +0.40Lewis Morgan (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.33 · JCS −0.04Kim Wardlaw (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.33 · JCS −0.36Richard Cudahy (7th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.34 · JCS −0.33Carlos Lucero (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.34 · JCS −0.14Harry Edwards (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.35 · JCS −0.50Boyce Martin (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.36 · JCS −0.30James Dennis (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.37 · JCS −0.16Karen Moore (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.37 · JCS −0.26James Browning (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.38 · JCS −0.46William Norris (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.39 · JCS −0.39Robert Boochever (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.40 · JCS −0.28Donald Lay (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.40 · JCS −0.34Harry Pregerson (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.42 · JCS −0.39Stephanie Seymour (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.42 · JCS −0.14Thomas Clark (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.42 · JCS −0.20Myron Bright (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.43 · JCS −0.37Richard Paez (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.43 · JCS −0.36Monroe McKay (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.44 · JCS −0.50Irving Kaufman (2nd Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.44 · JCS −0.47Reynaldo Garza (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.46 · JCS −0.16Damon Keith (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.46 · JCS −0.43William Canby (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.46 · JCS −0.22Marsha Berzon (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.48 · JCS −0.36Irving Goldberg (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.50 · JCS −0.42Theodore McMillian (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.52 · JCS −0.38Stephen Reinhardt (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.55 · JCS −0.39Nathaniel Jones (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.57 · JCS −0.38Betty Fletcher (9th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.58 · JCS −0.31Abner Mikva (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.59 · JCS −0.50Rosemary Barkett (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.60 · JCS −0.23Patricia Wald (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.60 · JCS −0.50Gerald Heaney (8th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.64 · JCS −0.44Anthony Celebrezze (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.67 · JCS −0.07Spottswood Robinson (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.67 · JCS −0.34Veronica Rossman (10th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.67 · JCS −0.24George Edwards (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.80 · JCS −0.52John Wisdom (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.67 · JCS +0.28WisdomJohn Brown (5th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.44 · JCS +0.28J.R. BrownElbert Tuttle (11th Cir.) · JuDJIS −0.40 · JCS +0.28TuttleBailey Brown (6th Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.67 · JCS −0.35B. BrownFrancis Van Dusen (3rd Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.67 · JCS −0.58Van DusenJohn Roberts (D.C. Cir.) · JuDJIS +0.67 · JCS +0.69Roberts

The lower-right corner is the Fifth Circuit corner: appointment politics said conservative, the courtroom said otherwise.

Method, and its limits

The ranking measure. Kevin L. Cope, "An Expert-Sourced Measure of Judicial Ideology," Political Analysis 34, no. 2 (2026): 258–277; replication data doi:10.7910/DVN/KZ5BJF (CC0). The project's home, with the interactive version of the data, is judjis.org. JuDJIS scores are estimated from evaluations of each judge published in the Almanac of the Federal Judiciary between 1990 and 2024 — the written assessments of lawyers who practiced before them — and validate better against case outcomes than the alternatives. The full score set appears on this page by kind permission of Prof. Cope (27 August 2026), for which this site thanks him.

The comparison measures. Lee Epstein, Andrew D. Martin, Jeffrey A. Segal & Chad Westerland, "The Judicial Common Space," JLEO 23 (2007): 303–325; 2024 release. Adam Bonica & Maya Sen, Judicial DIME Scores for Federal Judges (2024 update), doi:10.7910/DVN/CK3EEL (CC0). JCS assigns each judge a fixed score from the politics of the appointment; CFscore reads pre-appointment campaign-finance records, imputing where a judge never donated (the ° rows — 227 of the 451 measured judges, so read that column as context, not as measurement).

What the window means. A judge appears only if lawyers evaluated them between 1990 and 2024, so the list mixes the living and the dead, full careers and late-career fragments: the civil-rights-era judges here are scored on their senior-status years, not their famous ones. Judges confirmed from 2025 onward are outside the window entirely, and district judges are not scored at all — the consequences of both for the current Supreme Court shortlist are on the next-justice page.

What an expert-sourced score can and cannot see. The measure reads reputation among practitioners, which is observation, but observation with its own lens: a judge's score can reflect the mix of lawyers who wrote, the cases the circuit happened to draw, and the era's sense of where the center was. The published intervals are the honest part of the instrument — which is why this page draws them instead of printing the point estimates alone.

Sparse records. The published file carries 19 judges at a score of exactly zero with a degenerate interval. That is an evaluation-starved artifact, not a finding of moderation; this site flags them as unscored and gives them no rank.

Questions

Who is the most conservative federal appeals judge?

By JuDJIS — the expert-sourced measure built from what lawyers wrote about each judge in the Almanac of the Federal Judiciary — the most conservative scored record on the federal appeals bench is Donald Russell of the 4th Circuit at +0.93, and the most liberal is George Edwards of the 6th Circuit at −0.80. The ranking covers every circuit judge with evaluations between 1990 and 2024, sitting or not, so it is a ranking of careers rather than of today's bench.

Which Supreme Court justices appear in this ranking?

Eight members of the Court, sitting or recent, were scored as circuit judges. John Roberts ranks 9th of 451 and Samuel Alito 13th — the two most conservative circuit records of any justice — followed by Amy Coney Barrett (46th), Brett Kavanaugh (97th), Neil Gorsuch (131st), Sonia Sotomayor (333rd) and Stephen Breyer (337th). Ruth Bader Ginsburg's D.C. Circuit record drew too few evaluations in the 1990–2024 window to score, and Clarence Thomas and Ketanji Brown Jackson do not appear in the dataset at all.

Why is a judge missing from this list?

The dataset covers the 470 federal appeals judges with Almanac of the Federal Judiciary evaluations between 1990 and 2024. Judges whose service ended before 1990 are absent; judges confirmed in 2025 or later are outside the window; district judges are not scored at all; and 19 of the 470 drew too few evaluations to score and are listed without ranks below the table.

Do the different ideology measures agree?

Broadly, and with instructive exceptions. Across the 446 judges scored by both, JuDJIS and the appointment-based Judicial Common Space correlate at 0.65 — and still disagree about which side of zero 66 of them are on. The starkest case is John Minor Wisdom, the Republican appointee who helped desegregate the Deep South: his appointment-based JCS calls him conservative, while the lawyers who appeared before him rated him the third most liberal judge of the 451 measured.

Companion pages: the Supreme Court itself, left to right, how conservative the current Court is, and who is next in line for it.