The Annotated Bibliography: S
520 of 5159 works · revised October 26, 2026
By author, the way the By Author PDF is ordered. What the notes and access labels mean is on the bibliography’s front page.
Sacks, Albert M. “Mr. Justice Frankfurter.” University of Chicago Law Review 26 (Winter 1958): 217-221.
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Saks, J. Benson. “Mr. Justice Sutherland.” Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1940.
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Salamone, Michael F. Perceptions of a Polarized Court: How Division among Justices Shapes the Supreme Court's Public Image. Temple University Press, 2018.
Michael Salamone of Washington State on whether division among the justices damages the legitimacy of what they decide, and the finding that runs the other way: dissent may help secure public support by appealing to democratic values; Temple, October 2018, 214 pages. Not read.
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Salem-Mackall, Theodore. “‘Hugo Will Pull My Hair out’: Justice Black and Mandatory Arbitration on the Warren Court.” Journal of Supreme Court History 48, no. 1 (2023): 54–74.
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Salmon P. Chase Papers — Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1755–1898.
The manuscripts behind Niven's five printed volumes: 12,500 items on 38 reels of microfilm, 'diaries, correspondence, letterbooks, speeches, memoranda, financial papers, legal documents, and miscellany' from the Cincinnati law practice and the Liberty Party through the Treasury, the Chief Justiceship and the Johnson impeachment.
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Samuel Freeman Miller Correspondence — Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1854-1887.
A small collection with an unusually high strike rate: 185 items in two containers, 0.8 linear feet and three reels of microfilm, nearly all of it letters from Miller to his brother-in-law William Pitt Ballinger (1825 to 1888), a Galveston attorney and a former Confederate official.
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Sanchez, Ernesto J. “John J. Parker and the Beginning of the Modern Confirmation Process.” Journal of Supreme Court History 32, no. 1 (2007): 22–45.
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Sandalow, Terrance. “Nonjudicial Activities of Supreme Court Justices and Other Federal Judges.” Law Quadrangle Notes 14 (Spring 1970): 23-26.
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Sandra Day O'Connor Papers — Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1944-2008.
851 containers, 256,575 items, 339.8 linear feet and 356 digital files, running from 1944 to 2008 with the bulk from 1981 to 2006: the Arizona legislature and the Arizona bench, then a quarter century of Supreme Court files, then a writings file running to 2008.
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Sanford, Edward T. Blount College and the University of Tennessee. Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1894.
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Sankey, C. “Mr. Justice Holmes: On Behalf of the English Judiciary.” Harvard Law Review 44 (March 1931): 680.
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Sargent, Francis W. “Louis D. Brandeis: The Idea of Federalism and the Concept of Responsibility: A Lesson for Our Times.” Massachusetts Law Quarterly 54 (Summer 1969): 187-203.
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Saunders, Robert, Jr. John Archibald Campbell: Southern Moderate, 1811–1889. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1997.
The prodigy from Georgia (college at eleven, the Alabama bar at eighteen by special act) through the Mobile practice, the extraordinary 1853 appointment, the eight-year tenure, the desperate 1861 mediation, the resignation, the Confederate years, the imprisonment, and the astonishing third act as the Supreme Court's leading advocate.
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Savage, David G. Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2010.
The standard two-volume reference on the Court, begun by Elder Witt for Congressional Quarterly and carried on by David Savage, in a fifth edition of 1,544 pages updated through the 2008-09 term with Roberts, Alito and Sotomayor, a new chapter on the Second Amendment and the Heller, Boumediene and Roper decisions; CQ Press, June 2010. Not read.
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Savage, David G. The Supreme Court and Individual Rights. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2009.
The individual-rights half of CQ's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court published on its own, organised around freedom of expression, political participation, the Second Amendment, criminal justice, equal protection and privacy and carried through the 2007-08 term, with a glossary, a citation guide and biographies of the justices; David Savage, CQ Press, July 2009, 584 pages, a fifth edition. Not read.
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Savage, David G. The Supreme Court and the Powers of the American Government. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2009.
The structural half of CQ's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court published on its own: federal jurisdiction and judicial restraint, the Court's dealings with Congress and the president including privilege, immunity, the terrorism cases and the commerce clause, and the pressure the other branches exert back; David Savage, CQ Press, July 2009, 672 pages, a second edition. Not read.
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Savage, David G. Turning Right: The Making of the Rehnquist Supreme Court. New York: Wiley, 1992.
The Los Angeles Times Supreme Court correspondent's reported narrative of the Court's rightward turn under Rehnquist, drawn from the opinions and from unattributed interviews with justices and clerks.
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Savage, John. “John McLean of Ohio.” In Our Living Representative Men, by John Savage, 373-381. Philadelphia: Childs and Peterson, 1860.
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Savage, John. “Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio.” In Our Living Representative Men, by John Savage, 102-113. Philadelphia: Childs and Peterson, 1860.
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Sayre, Paul. “Mr. Justice Holmes: Philosopher.” Iowa Law Review 27 (January 1942): 187-212.
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Scalia, Antonin, and Bryan A. Garner. Making Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges. St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West, 2008.
Scalia and Garner on the art of persuading judges — the advocacy companion to their Reading Law, addressed to the lawyer at the lectern rather than to the reader of statutes.
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Scalia, Antonin, and Bryan A. Garner. Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts. St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West, 2012.
Scalia's fullest statement of method, written with the lexicographer Bryan Garner — a systematic catalog of the canons of interpretation and the case for reading statutes and the Constitution by their text.
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Scalia, Antonin. A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Scalia's own manifesto, and the clearest short statement of the philosophy he spent a career advancing.
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Scalia, Antonin. Scalia Speaks: Reflections on Law, Faith, and Life Well Lived. Edited by Christopher J. Scalia and Edward Whelan. New York: Crown Forum, 2017.
The posthumous collection of his speeches — on the Constitution, faith, friendship, and the well-lived life — edited by his son and a former clerk, with a foreword by his friend and opposite Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
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Scalia, Antonin. The Essential Scalia: On the Constitution, the Courts, and the Rule of Law. Edited by Jeffrey S. Sutton and Edward Whelan. New York: Forum Books, 2020.
The best single-volume selection of his opinions and essays, arranged by theme, with a foreword by Justice Elena Kagan — the efficient way to meet Scalia the writer and arguer.
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Scalia, Antonin. “An Address by Justice Antonin Scalia, United States Supreme Court.” Federal Bar News and Journal 34 (July/August 1987): 252-254.
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Scalia, Antonin. “Historical Anomalies in Administrative Law.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1985 (1985): 103-111.
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Scalia, Antonin. “Oral History of Justice Antonin Scalia.” Historical Society of the District of Columbia Circuit, Oral History Project (1992).
A single session with Judith R. Hope on December 5, 1992, six years into the tenure: Queens, Xavier, Georgetown, Harvard, the Nixon and Ford years at the Office of Legal Counsel, told at length in his own voice before the public persona hardened.
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Scalia, Antonin. “The Dissenting Opinion.” Journal of Supreme Court History 19 (1994): 33–44.
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Scalia, Antonin. “Vermont Yankee: The APA, the D.C. Circuit, and the Supreme Court.” Supreme Court Review 1978 (1978): 345-409.
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Scanlan, Alfred L. “The Passing of Justice Murphy: The Conscience of a Court.” Notre Dame Lawyer 25 (Fall 1949): 7-39.
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Schacht, James A. “Architect of the Constitution: James Wilson.” Wisconsin Bar Bulletin 60 (May 1987): 32-36.
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Schauck, John A. “Chief Justice Taney.” Green Bag 14 (December 1902): 559-569.
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Scheb, John M., II, and Lee W. Ailshie. “Justice Sandra Day O'Connor and the 'Freshman Effect': Contrary to Expectations, the Newest Justice Quickly Adapted to Her Environment and Almost Immediately Began Participating Fully in the Work of the Court.” Judicature 69 (June/July 1985): 9-12.
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Scheb, John M., II, and Lee W. Ailshie. “Justice Sandra Day O'Connor and the 'Freshman Effect.'” Judicature 69 (June/July 1985): 9-12.
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Scheb, John M., II. “Edward T. Sanford—Knoxville’s Justice.” Journal of Supreme Court History 41, no. 2 (2016): 176–185.
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Scheiber, Harry N. “Property Rights versus ‘Public Necessity’: A Perspective on Emergency Powers and the Supreme Court.” Journal of Supreme Court History 28, no. 3 (2003): 339–369.
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Schenker, Carl. “'Reading' Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.” Catholic University Law Review 32 (Spring 1983): 487-503.
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Schimmel, Barbara B. “The Judicial Policy of Mr. Justice McReynolds.” Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1964.
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Schlesinger, Arthur M. Salmon Portland Chase, Undergraduate and Pedagogue. Columbus, OH: F. J. Heer Printing Company, 1919.
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Schmidhauser, John R. Judges and Justices: The Federal Appellate Judiciary. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979.
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Schmidhauser, John R. Stare Decisis, Dissent, and the Background of the Justices. University of Toronto Law Journal 14, no. 2 (1962): 194–212.
The starting point for the claim that where a justice came from predicts how they vote, opening on the Senate’s own arguments about Hughes’s corporate practice and Black’s Klan membership, and asking whether background, selection method and prior judicial experience leave a trace in the votes.
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Schmidhauser, John R. “The Justices of the Supreme Court: A Collective Portrait.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 3 (February 1959): 1-57.
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Schmidt, Benno C., Jr. “The Court in the Progressive Era.” Journal of Supreme Court History 22, no. 1 (1997): 14–32.
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Schmidt, Christopher W. “The Sit-In Cases: Explaining the Great Aberration of the Warren Court.” Journal of Supreme Court History 43, no. 3 (2018): 294–320.
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Schneider, Alan Neil. "Robert Trimble: A Kentucky Justice on the Supreme Court." Kentucky Bar Journal 12, no. 1 (1947): 21–30.
The bar tradition's tribute — shorter and more celebratory than Goff, with local detail on the Paris practice, the Court of Appeals service, and the district-court years riding herd on Kentucky's land litigation.
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Schofield, William. “Joseph Story.” In Great American Lawyers, vol. 3, edited by William D. Lewis, 121-186. Philadelphia: J. C. Winston Company, 1907.
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Schotten, Peter M. “A Government of Laws: The Constitutional Understanding of Mr. Justice Story.” Ph.D. diss., Claremont Graduate School, 1974.
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Schouler, James. “Appointments to the United States Supreme Court.” Green Bag 18 (December 1906): 657-661.
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Schouler, James. “Chief Justice Taney.” United States Jurist 3 (January 1873): 127-137.
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Schreiber, Flora R. “American Dream.” Cosmopolitan 139 (October 1955): 122-127.
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Schroeder, David. “Joining the Court: Pierce Butler.” Journal of Supreme Court History 35, no. 2 (2010): 144–165.
The railroad lawyer, the Catholic seat, and the campaign that put him on the bench, revisited.
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Schroeder, Oliver, Jr. “Life and Judicial Work of Justice William Johnson, Jr.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 95 (December 1946): 164-201.
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Schubert, Glendon A. The Judicial Mind Revisited: Psychometric Analysis of Supreme Court Ideology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
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Schubert, Glendon A. The Judicial Mind: Attitudes and Ideologies of Supreme Court Justices, 1946-1963. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1965.
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Schubert, Glendon A. “Jackson's Judicial Philosophy: An Exploration in Value Analysis.” American Political Science Review 59 (December 1965): 940-963.
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Schuckers, J. W. The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase. New York: D. Appleton, 1874.
The contemporary authorized life, by Chase's private secretary at the Treasury and published the year after his death — partisan and adulatory, but close to the documents and the man, and a primary source in its own right.
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Schultz, David A. Constitutional Precedent in US Supreme Court Reasoning. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.
David Schultz of Hamline catalogues the occasions on which the Court has overruled its own constitutional precedents, from the founding to 2020, and counts them court by court; Edward Elgar, 2022, 189 pages. Not read.
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Schultz, David A., and Howard Schweber, eds. The Conservative Revolution of Antonin Scalia. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2018.
Thirteen essays by legal and political scientists taking the measure of the legacy, and reaching a verdict the title does not promise: that the doctrinal influence was far smaller than either allies hoped or critics feared, and that the real revolution was in conservative political culture and in a combative judicial style.
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Schultz, L. Peter. “William Howard Taft: A Constitutionalist's View of the Presidency.” Ph.D. diss., Northern Illinois University, 1979.
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Schultz, L. Peter. “William Howard Taft: A Constitutionalist's View of the Presidency.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 9 (Fall 1979): 402-414.
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Schumacher, Alvin J. Thunder on Capitol Hill: The Life of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce Publishing Company, 1964.
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Schurman, George W. “Charles Evans Hughes.” Independent 61 (October 4, 1906): 779-783.
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Schwartz, Bernard, ed. The Burger Court: Counter-Revolution or Confirmation? New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Often confused with the 1987 collection; it's a separate book, and the more considered of the two.
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Schwartz, Bernard, ed. The Warren Court: A Retrospective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
The Warren Court looked back on, 406 pages of essays from Oxford in 1996 edited by Bernard Schwartz, who did the same for the Burger Court two years later. No copy found online. Not read.
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Schwartz, Bernard. A History of the Supreme Court. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
A one-volume narrative history running from 1790 to 1992, justice by justice, with set- piece chapters on Dred Scott, Lochner, Brown, and Roe and a partial rehabilitation of Roger Taney.
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Schwartz, Bernard. Behind Bakke: Affirmative Action and the Supreme Court. New York: New York University Press, 1988.
The classic inside-the-Court reconstruction of Bakke from the justices' internal papers — with Powell's lone controlling opinion, the diversity rationale that governed admissions for forty-five years, at its center.
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Schwartz, Bernard. Decision: How the Supreme Court Decides Cases. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
How the Court actually reaches a decision — conference votes, switched votes, circulated drafts — reconstructed from interviews and unpublished papers, and frankly admiring of Earl Warren's leadership.
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Schwartz, Bernard. Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court — A Judicial Biography. New York: New York University Press, 1983.
The classic account of the Warren Court from the inside, by a legal scholar with access to the justices' papers and conference notes.
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Schwartz, Bernard. The New Right and the Constitution: Turning Back the Legal Clock. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990.
A prolific constitutional-law scholar's point-by-point answer to New Right jurisprudence: original intent as the impossible dream, revived economic liberties, takings, race, and administrative law.
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Schwartz, Bernard. The Supreme Court: Constitutional Revolution in Retrospect. New York: Ronald Press, 1957.
Bernard Schwartz's retrospect of the constitutional revolution, published four years after Vinson's death, which Friedman and Israel set against Rodell as 'an account that is more sympathetic to Vinson's point of view.'
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Schwartz, Bernard. The Unpublished Opinions of the Warren Court. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
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Schwartz, Bernard. “Chief Justice Earl Warren: Super Chief in Action.” Journal of Supreme Court History 23, no. 1 (1998): 112–132.
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Schwartz, Bernard. “Chief Justice Earl Warren: Super Chief in Action.” Tulsa Law Journal 33 (1997): 477.
Schwartz's fifty-page distillation of Super Chief, with the conference notes doing the work: Warren opening the Brown conference on segregation as resting 'upon a concept of the inherent inferiority of the colored race,' the question from the bench in criminal cases, 'but were you fair?', Brennan giving him the nickname, and the two versions of Eisenhower's remark, Ambrose's and Cray's.
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Schwartz, Bernard. “Chief Justice Warren and 1984.” Hastings Law Journal 35 (July 1984): 975-989.
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Schwartz, Bernard. “Judicial Lives of Earl Warren.” Suffolk University Law Review 15 (March 1981): 1-22.
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Schwartz, Bernard. “The Administrative World of Mr. Justice Frankfurter.” Yale Law Journal 59 (June 1950): 1228-1265.
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Schwartz, Herman, ed. The Burger Years: Rights and Wrongs in the Supreme Court, 1969–1986. New York: Viking, 1987.
A companion assessment from the other direction — Herman Schwartz's collection weighing the Burger Court's real retreats on rights across seventeen years.
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Schwartz, Herman, ed. The Rehnquist Court: Judicial Activism on the Right. New York: Hill and Wang, 2002.
The Rehnquist Court indicted for activism from the right, 276 pages of essays from Hill and Wang in 2002 edited by Herman Schwartz, who had done the same for the Burger years; catalogued under conservatism and the political aspects of judicial process. No copy found online. Not read.
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Schwartz, Joan I. “Oliver Wendell Holmes' 'The Path of the Law': Conflicting Views of the Legal World.” American Journal of Legal History 29 (July 1985): 235-250.
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Schwartz, Marvin, and Edwin M. Zimmerman. “Place of Chief Justice Vinson in the History of the Supreme Court.” Oklahoma Bar Association Journal 24 (November 28, 1953): 1925-1930.
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Schwartz, Mortimer D., and John C. Hogan. “A National Library: Mr. Justice Story Speaks.” Journal of Legal Education 8 (1955): 328-330.
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Schweppe, Alfred J. “The Justice and the Lady: A Postscript.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1981 (1981): 114-116.
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Scott, Alfred M. The Supreme Court v. the Constitution: An Essay on How Judges Become Dictators. New York: Exposition Press, 1963.
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Scott, Henry W. “Benjamin Robbins Curtis.” In Distinguished American Lawyers, by Henry W. Scott, 277-282. New York: C. L. Webster, 1891.
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Scott, Henry W. “Joseph Story.” In Distinguished American Lawyers, by Henry W. Scott, 627-636. New York: C. L. Webster, 1891.
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Scott, Henry W. “Melville Weston Fuller.” In Distinguished American Lawyers, by Henry W. Scott, 387-392. New York: C. L. Webster, 1891.
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Scott, Henry W. “Salmon Portland Chase.” In Distinguished American Lawyers, by Henry W. Scott, 133-142. New York: C. L. Webster, 1891.
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Scott, Henry W. “Stephen Johnson Field.” In Distinguished American Lawyers, by Henry W. Scott, 373-378. New York: C. L. Webster, 1891.
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Scott, James B. “John Jay.” Columbia Law Review 6 (May 1906): 289-325.
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Scott, John Anthony. “Justice Bradley's Evolving Concept of the Fourteenth Amendment from the Slaughterhouse Cases to the Civil Rights Cases.” Rutgers Law Review 25 (1971): 552.
The key study of the question every Bradley reader eventually asks: how the Slaughterhouse dissenter who read the Fourteenth Amendment broadly in 1873 became the author of the Civil Rights Cases that gutted it in 1883.
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Scott, William W. A History of Orange County, Virginia. Richmond, VA: Waddey, 1907.
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Seagle, William. “The Significance of Justice Holmes.” South Atlantic Quarterly 45 (April 1946): 155-164.
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Seavey, Warren A. “Mr. Justice Cardozo and the Law of Torts.” Columbia Law Review 39 (January 1939): 20-55.
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Seavey, Warren A. “Mr. Justice Cardozo and the Law of Torts.” Harvard Law Review 52 (January 1939): 372-407.
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Seavey, Warren A. “Mr. Justice Cardozo and the Law of Torts.” Yale Law Journal 48 (January 1939): 390-425.
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Seddig, Robert G. “John Marshall and the Origins of Supreme Court Leadership.” University of Pittsburgh Law Review 36 (Summer 1975): 785-835.
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Seddig, Robert S. “John Marshall and the Origins of Supreme Court Leadership.” Journal of Supreme Court History 16 (1991): 63–85.
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Sedgwick, A. G. “Benjamin Robbins Curtis.” Nation 29 (December 11, 1879): 405-407.
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Sedgwick, A. G. “The New United States Judges.” Nation 9 (December 1869): 477-479.
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Seed, Geoffrey. James Wilson. Millwood, NY: KTO Press, 1978.
The only full scholarly life written between Smith (1956) and the modern revival — a compact study by a British historian, strongest on Wilson's Scottish intellectual formation and his political thought.
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Sefton, James E., ed. “Chief Justice Chase as an Advisor on Presidential Reconstruction.” Civil War History 12 (September 1967): 247-264.
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Segal, Bernard G. “Lewis F. Powell and the American Bar Association.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1987: 7–9.
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Segal, Jeffrey A. “Senate Confirmation of Supreme Court Justices: Partisan and Institutional Politics.” Journal of Politics 49 (November 1987): 998-1015.
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Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. “If a Supreme Court Vacancy Occurs, Will the Senate Confirm a Reagan Nominee?” Judicature 69 (December 1985): 186-190.
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Segall, Eric J. Originalism as Faith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Eric Segall argues that the Court almost never applies originalism and that judges and commentators use it as rhetoric, with a long section on the distance between Scalia's stated method and his practice; Cambridge, October 2018, 241 pages. Not read.
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Segall, Eric J. Supreme Myths: Why the Supreme Court Is Not a Court and Its Justices Are Not Judges. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2012.
Eric Segall's argument that the justices decide fundamental questions on ideological preference rather than law, with a critique of life tenure and a call for transparency about what the Court actually does; Praeger, February 2012, 219 pages. Not read.
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Seib, Charles B., and A. L. Otten. “Abe, Help!: LBJ.” Esquire 63 (June 1965): 86-110.
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Seidel, Andrew L. American Crusade: How the Supreme Court Is Weaponizing Religious Freedom. New York: Union Square & Co., 2022.
Andrew Seidel, a church-state lawyer, reads thirty years of religious-liberty decisions, Masterpiece Cakeshop, Trump v. Hawaii, American Legion and Tandon among them, as a campaign rather than a doctrine, with a foreword by Erwin Chemerinsky; Union Square, September 2022, 320 pages. Not read.
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Seitz, Steven T. Justice Rehnquist, the Supreme Court, and the Bill of Rights. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2020.
Steven Seitz of Illinois reads the Rehnquist years as a contest among three claimants to power, the state, the nation and the individual, and measures the decisions against a standard he calls sustainable case law rather than an ideological one: equal protection for women, due process, contracts, speech, sex and guns.
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Seitz, Steven T. The Supreme Court, the Constitution, and William Rehnquist. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2018.
The first of Steven Seitz's two Rehnquist volumes, 286 pages from Lexington in September 2018: how the framers wrote a constitution general enough to last, how the Court has read its clauses, and how it built the rules of justiciability that limit its own review, traced from Marshall through the Civil War, laissez-faire, the New Deal and the civil rights era to what the publisher calls Rehnquist's often hapless efforts at the end.
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Semmes, Thomas J. “The Personal Characteristics of the Chief Justices.” In The Supreme Court of the United States, by Hampton L. Carson, 664-692. Philadelphia: A. R. Keller, 1892.
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Sentell, R. Perry, Jr. “The Opinions of Hughes and Sutherland and the Rights of the Individual.” Vanderbilt Law Review 15 (March 1962): 559-615.
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Servies, James A., comp. A Bibliography of John Marshall. Washington, DC: U.S. Commission for the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of John Marshall, 1956.
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Sevareid, Eric. “Mr. Justice Douglas Speaks His Mind.” Bill of Rights Journal 5 (December 1972): 17-37.
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Severn, William M. Mr. Chief Justice: Earl Warren. New York: David McKay, 1968.
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Severn, William. John Marshall, the Man Who Made the Court Supreme. New York: David McKay, 1969.
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Sexton, John. “Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, the Court, and the Nation.” Journal of Supreme Court History 43, no. 2 (2018): 173–182.
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Seymour, Whitney N. “John Marshall Harlan.” American Bar Association Journal 41 (May 1955): 434.
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Seymour, Whitney N. “Mr. Justice White.” American Bar Association Journal 48 (May 1962): 450-457.
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Shackelford, Kelly. “Mary Beth and John Tinker and Tinker V. Des Moines: Opening the Schoolhouse Gates to First Amendment Freedom.” Journal of Supreme Court History 39, no. 3 (2014): 372–385.
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Shally-Jensen, Michael, ed. Defining Documents in American History: Supreme Court Decisions (1803-2017). Salem Press, 2017.
Sixty landmark rulings from 1803 to 2017 in three chronological periods, each with a critical essay giving the summary, the author, a document analysis and the essential themes, edited by Michael Shally-Jensen; Salem Press, November 2017, two volumes and 720 pages. Not read.
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Shanmugam, Kannon K. “Justice Scalia: A Personal Remembrance.” Journal of Supreme Court History 41, no. 3 (2016): 252–256.
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Shannon, David A. “Hugo Lafayette Black as United States Senator.” Alabama Law Review 36 (Spring 1985): 881-898.
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Shannon, William V. “The Common Sense of Mr. Justice Brennan.” Catholic University Law Review 11 (1962): 3.
The five-year appraisal, by the head of the New York Post's Washington bureau, in the issue the Catholic University Law Review gave to Brennan's first five terms: 'His approach to every case is practical, specific, factual.
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Shapiro, David L. “Mr. Justice Rehnquist: A Preliminary View.” Harvard Law Review 90 (December 1976): 293-357.
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Shapiro, David L., ed. The Evolution of a Judicial Philosophy: Selected Opinions and Papers of Justice John M. Harlan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969.
Harlan curated by his own former clerk — the opinions and papers that fixed his reputation as the conservative conscience of the Warren Court, published while he still sat.
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Shapiro, Ilya. Supreme Disorder: Judicial Nominations and the Politics of America's Highest Court. Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 2020.
Ilya Shapiro's history of confirmation politics and survey of the reform proposals, written from the premise that the stakes rose as government's reach grew; Regnery Gateway, September 2020, in an extent the carriers cannot agree on. Not read.
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Shapiro, Jonathan. “American Jews in Politics: The Case of Louis D. Brandeis.” American Jewish History Quarterly 55 (December 1965): 199-211.
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Shapiro, Stephen M. “Oral Argument in the Supreme Court: The Felt Necessities of the Time.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1985: 22–34.
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Shapiro, Stephen M. “William Pinkney: The Supreme Court’s Greatest Advocate.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1988: 40–45.
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Sharp, Allen. “Justices Seeking the Presidency.” Journal of Supreme Court History 29, no. 3 (2004): 286–307.
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Sharp, Allen. “Presidents as Supreme Court Advocates: Before and After the White House.” Journal of Supreme Court History 28, no. 2 (2003): 116–144.
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Sharp, Malcolm P. “Mr. Justice Holmes: Contracts.” University of Chicago Law Review 31 (Winter 1964): 268-278.
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Shawcross, Lord. “Robert H. Jackson's Contribution during the Nuremberg Trial.” Record of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York 23 (June 1968): 393-428.
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Shea, Barbara C. S. “Sandra Day O'Connor: Woman, Lawyer, Justice; Her First Four Terms on the Supreme Court.” University of Missouri at Kansas City Law Review 55 (Fall 1986): 1-32.
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Sheehan, Charles J. “Kumezo Kawaato and ‘Justice Court.’” Journal of Supreme Court History 45, no. 2 (2020): 194–206.
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Sheehan, Charles J. “‘Lost Laws’ to ‘Eat Anywhere’; D.C. v. Thompson and the Road to Brown.” Journal of Supreme Court History 47, no. 3 (2022): 284–304.
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Sheerin, John B. “Catholic Comes to Court.” Catholic World 184 (November 1956): 81-85.
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Shelden, Rachel A. “Anatomy of a Presidential Campaign from the Supreme Court Bench: John McLean, Levi Woodbury, and the Election of 1848.” Journal of Supreme Court History 47, no. 3 (2022): 241–264.
The major modern study of the thing McLean is famous for — running for president from the bench, without apology, in an era that considered it normal.
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Sheldon, Charles H. The Supreme Court: Politicians in Robes. Beverly Hills, CA: Glencoe Press, 1970.
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Shellow, James M. “An Analysis of Judicial Methodology: Selected Opinions of Justice Robert H. Jackson.” Marquette Law Review 45 (Summer 1961): 103-116.
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Shemtob, Zachary Baron. “The Vinson Court and the Idol of Restraint.” Journal of Supreme Court History 39, no. 1 (2014): 133–145.
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Shenfield, Arthur. “Mr. Justice Stevens and the Zeitgeist.” Modern Age 23 (Spring 1979): 130-139.
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Shennan, Claire. “A New Era of Poverty Litigation: The Warren Court’s Consideration of the Rights of Aid Recipients in King v. Smith.” Journal of Supreme Court History 50, no. 3 (2025): 274–298.
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Shepard, Henry M. “Oliver Ellsworth.” Chicago Law Times 2 (April 1888): 109-128.
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Sheridan, Kathleen. “Women in Law: With a Woman on the Supreme Court, Has Anything Changed?” Barrister 8 (Summer 1981): 44-48.
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Sherman Minton Letters, 1949–1955 — Indiana Historical Society (collection guide, SC1095). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1949–1955.
One folder, four letters, and the best private sentence on Brown from a justice who joined it: to an old Quaker acquaintance on June 4, 1955, four days after Brown II, 'courts are awkward institutions and it is very difficult to enforce their decrees if there isn't reasonable acceptance.'
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Sherman Minton Papers — Harry S. Truman Presidential Library (finding aid). Independence, Missouri: Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, 1949–1956.
The 'small collection' Friedman and Israel's chapter names, and the Library's finding aid says exactly what it is: 'printed and typed drafts of judicial opinions, handwritten notes, memoranda, letters, and other documents,' for the cases in which he wrote for the Court and no others, arranged by decision date, about 6,800 pages, with nothing from the Senate or the White House.
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Sherwood, Frederick T. “New Men, Other Minds in the Supreme Court.” Lincoln Law Review 5 (October 1931): 12-17.
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Shesol, Jeff. Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt vs. the Supreme Court. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010.
Roosevelt's war with the Court told at full length: the New Deal decisions of 1935–36, the Court-packing plan of 1937, and a political defeat that remade constitutional law regardless.
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Shientag, Bernard L. The Opinions and Writings of Judge Benjamin N. Cardozo. New York: Columbia University Press, 1930.
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Shils, Edward B. “Arthur Goldberg: Proof of the American Dream.” Monthly Labor Review 120 (1997): 56.
The labor years from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' own journal: the 1938 Newspaper Guild strike, the OSS Labor Division, the CIO and the Steelworkers, the 1955 merger, and the Labor Department, by a Penn professor who knew the movement.
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Shinn, Preston A. “Chief Justice Marshall and the American Indian.” Case and Comment 23 (March 1917): 842-843.
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Shipman, George A. “The Constitutional Doctrines of Stephen J. Field.” Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1931.
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Shippee, Lester B., and Royal B. Way. “William Rufus Day.” In American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy, vol. 9, edited by Samuel F. Bemis, 22-112. New York: Pageant Book Company, 1958.
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Shiras, George, 3rd. Justice George Shiras, Jr., of Pittsburgh: A Chronicle of His Family, Life and Times. Edited by Winfield Shiras. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1953.
The only book-length life, and a family production: begun by the justice's son — George Shiras 3rd, the wildlife-photography pioneer and one-term congressman — and completed after his death by a grandson, Winfield Shiras, for the University of Pittsburgh Press.
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Shishkin, Boris. “Brandeis: A Name to Remember.” American Federationist 64 (February 1957): 24-25.
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Shogan, Robert. A Question of Judgment: The Fortas Case and the Struggle for the Supreme Court. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972.
The first full account of the scandal that brought Fortas down — Robert Shogan's contemporary narrative of the 1968 chief-justice filibuster and the financial arrangement that forced the only resignation-under-fire in the Court's modern history.
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Shogan, Robert. Backlash: The Killing of the New Deal. Ivan R. Dee, 2006.
Robert Shogan on the two things that turned opinion against Roosevelt after the 1936 landslide, the sit-down strikes and the Court-packing plan, by a former national political correspondent for Newsweek and the Los Angeles Times; Ivan R. Dee, July 2006, 288 pages. Not read.
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Shores, David F. “Justice Black and the Antitrust Laws.” Antitrust Bulletin 27 (Summer 1982): 389-432.
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Shriner, Charles A. William Paterson. Paterson, NJ: Paterson Industrial Commission, 1940.
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Shriver, Harry C. What Gusto: Stories and Anecdotes about Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes. Potomac, MD: Fox Hills Press, 1970.
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Shriver, Harry C. What Justice Holmes Wrote and What Has Been Written about Him: A Bibliography, 1866-1976. Potomac, MD: Fox Hills Press, 1978.
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Shriver, Harry C. “Great Dissenter: Whose Dissents Now Prevail.” Case and Comment 47 (September/October 1941): 6-9.
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Shriver, Harry C. “Oliver Wendell Holmes: Lawyer.” American Bar Association Journal 24 (February 1938): 157-162.
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Shulhafer, Lucia. “James Iredell, Patriot.” Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine 113 (September 1979): 994-999.
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Shulman, Harry. “Mr. Justice Brandeis.” Yale Law Journal 48 (March 1939): 717-718.
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Shuman, Howard E. “The Style of Mr. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes's Ceremonial Speeches.” Speech Monographs 16 (September 1949): 307.
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Sibley, Samuel H. Georgia's Contribution to Law: The Lamars. New York: Newcomen Society of England, American Branch, 1948.
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Sickels, Robert Judd. John Paul Stevens and the Constitution: The Search for Balance. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1988.
An early study of Stevens's jurisprudence, written in his second decade on the Court — the first attempt to find the method behind his famously independent, case-by-case opinions.
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Sidhu, Dawinder S. “Judicial Modesty in the Wartime Context, Roosevelt v. Meyer (1863).” Journal of Supreme Court History 39, no. 2 (2014): 190–200.
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Sikes, Lewright B. “The Public Life of Pierce Butler.” Ph.D. diss., University of Tennessee, 1973.
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Silber, Jonathan, and Marjorie A. Silver. Dissent without Opinion: The Behavior of Justice William O. Douglas in Federal Tax Cases. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975.
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Silver, David M. Lincoln's Supreme Court. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1956.
The definitive study of the five justices Lincoln named: the politics that put Swayne in John McLean's Ohio seat in 1862 (McLean had recommended him repeatedly before dying), Lincoln's criteria — Union loyalty, antislavery, geographic fit — and the wartime Court that upheld the blockade, the greenbacks, and martial law.
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Silverman, Leon. “Introduction: The Supreme Court in the Civil War.” Journal of Supreme Court History 21 (Special Edition 1996): 1–4.
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Silverstein, Mark. Constitutional Faiths: Felix Frankfurter, Hugo Black, and the Process of Judicial Decision Making. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984.
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Silverstein, Mark. Judicious Choices: The New Politics of Supreme Court Confirmations. New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.
How confirmation became spectacle: the deferential, leadership-dominated process dies with the Fortas chief-justiceship fight of 1968 and is replaced by a democratized, media-saturated public battle, carried here through Scalia, Kennedy, Souter and Thomas. Revised in 2007.
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Simmons, David A. “Charles Evans Hughes.” Journal of the American Judicature Society 25 (August 1941): 35-36.
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Simmons, Stephen J. “Earl Warren, the Warren Court, and Civil Liberties.” Pepperdine Law Review 2 (1974): 1-7.
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Simms, E. W. “A Dissent from Greatness.” Virginia Law Review 28 (February 1942): 467-487.
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Simon, James F. Courting History: A Supreme Court Historian Reflects on His Life and Career. Austin: Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin, 2025.
The memoir of James F. Simon, whose books on Marshall, Taney, Hughes, Douglas, Black and Frankfurter, the Rehnquist Court, and Eisenhower and Warren are each in this bibliography: segregated Fort Worth, Yale Law, the interviews with justices behind the books; Briscoe Center, May 2025, 304 pages, and his papers are at the Center. Not read.
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Simon, James F. Eisenhower vs. Warren: The Battle for Civil Rights and Liberties. New York: Liveright, 2018.
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Simon, James F. FDR and Chief Justice Hughes: The President, the Supreme Court, and the Epic Battle over the New Deal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012.
The best book on the epic of 1937, told as a dual biography of the two men at its center.
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Simon, James F. Independent Journey: The Life of William O. Douglas. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.
The first major biography, written soon after Douglas's death by a respected legal journalist.
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Simon, James F. Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney: Slavery, Secession, and the President's War Powers. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
The standard dual study of the great collision — Dred Scott, Merryman, and the war powers, told through the two men who embodied the argument.
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Simon, James F. The Antagonists: Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter and Civil Liberties in Modern America. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
The standard narrative account of the feud that organized the mid-century Court — Black's populist absolutism against Frankfurter's professorial restraint, told as a double portrait.
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Simon, James F. The Center Holds: The Power Struggle Inside the Rehnquist Court. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
An argument that the Rehnquist revolution failed, tracking race, abortion, criminal law, and the First Amendment through the moderate center of O'Connor, Kennedy, and Souter.
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Simon, James F. What Kind of Nation: Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, and the Epic Struggle to Create a United States. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
The standard popular account of the defining rivalry — Marshall and his cousin Jefferson fighting over what the Constitution actually created, from Marbury through Burr.
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Simon, James F. “Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney.” Journal of Supreme Court History 35, no. 3 (2010): 225–242.
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Simon, Paul. Advice & Consent: Clarence Thomas, Robert Bork, and the Intriguing History of the Supreme Court’s Nomination Battles. Washington, DC: National Press Books, 1992.
Written from the Judiciary Committee dais by the Illinois Democrat who voted against both Bork and Thomas: the two battles set against two centuries of confirmation history, plus proposed reforms.
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Simonds, Frank H. “Governor Hughes.” Putnam's Monthly 3 (October 1907): 30-36.
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Simpson, Brooks D. “President Washington’s Appointments to the Supreme Court.” Journal of Supreme Court History 17 (1992): 63–74.
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Simpson, Dwight J. “Robert H. Jackson and the Doctrine of Judicial Restraint.” UCLA Law Review 3 (April 1956): 325-359.
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Singer, Elizabeth D. “Gabriel Duvall.” Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine 83 (April 1949): 291-292.
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Sirvet, Ene and R. B. Bernstein. “Documentary Editing and the Jay Court: Opening New Lines of Inquiry.” Journal of Supreme Court History 21, no. 2 (1996): 17–22.
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Sirvet, Ene and R. B. Bernstein. “John Jay, Judicial Independence, and Advising Coordinate Branches.” Journal of Supreme Court History 21, no. 2 (1996): 23–29.
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Siskin, Edgar E. “Mr. Justice Brandeis: A Rabbi's Recollection.” American Jewish Archives 18 (November 1966): 129-132.
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Skefos, Catherine Hetos. “The Supreme Court Gets a Home.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1976: 25–36.
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Sklut, Ronald; Justine S. Mann; John R. Schmidhauser. "A Study in Divided Loyalties" (Alabama Lawyer, 1959), "The Political Thought of John Archibald Campbell" (Alabama L. Rev., 1970) & "Jeremy Bentham, the Contract Clause and Justice Campbell" (Vanderbilt L. Rev., 1958).
Three angles, as the FJC's bibliography lists them: Sklut's long study of the divided loyalties, Mann on the political thought of the young fire-breather turned moderate, and Schmidhauser's gem — the justice as Benthamite, reading utilitarian jurisprudence on an antebellum bench.
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Slater, Stephanie L. Edward Terry Sanford: A Tennessean on the U.S. Supreme Court. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2018.
The first and only full biography of Sanford — the courtly Tennessean remembered for one sentence (Gitlow's assumption that the First Amendment binds the states) and for dying the same day as Taft, which cost him even his own funeral's headlines.
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Slater, Stephanie L. “Edward T. Sanford’s Tenure on the Supreme Court.” Journal of Supreme Court History 41, no. 2 (2016): 186–220.
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Slaughter, Thomas P. Bloody Dawn: The Christiana Riot and Racial Violence in the Antebellum North. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
The standard account of the 1851 Christiana resistance and its astonishing aftermath: the largest treason prosecution in American history, aimed at Quaker bystanders and free Black defendants.
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Slayman, Charles H., Jr. “Speeches and Articles by Mr. Justice Hugo L. Black.” American University Law Review 10 (January 1961): 116-119.
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Sloan, Cliff, and David McKean. The Great Decision: Jefferson, Adams, Marshall, and the Battle for the Supreme Court. New York: PublicAffairs, 2009.
The best general-reader narrative of Marbury v. Madison — the midnight judges, the withheld commission, and how Marshall turned a political trap into the foundation of judicial review.
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Sloan, Cliff. The Court at War: FDR, His Justices, and the World They Made. New York: PublicAffairs, 2023.
Cliff Sloan on the wartime Court of Roosevelt's seven appointees and their relations with the President who made them; PublicAffairs, September 2023, 512 pages. Not read.
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Sloan, Cliff. “A Clerk’s View.” Journal of Supreme Court History 35, no. 3 (2010): 198–200.
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Sloan, Cliff. “A ‘Barefoot’ Lawyer and the Supreme Court During World War II: Schneiderman v. United States.” Journal of Supreme Court History 49, no. 2 (2024): 170–185.
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Sloss, David L. People v. the Court: The Next Revolution in Constitutional Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025.
David Sloss of Santa Clara on judicial review as a usurpation of the people's own authority over government, with reforms to restore it; Cambridge, August 2025, 290 pages. Not read.
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Sloss, David L., Michael D. Ramsey, and William S. Dodge, eds. International Law in the U.S. Supreme Court: Continuity and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
The Court's handling of international law from the 1790s to the present, organised around what the editors call the Hartley principle, the practice of applying international law as part of the law of the land, edited by David Sloss, Michael Ramsey and William Dodge; Cambridge, 2011, 656 pages. Not read.
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Small, Joseph. “Bicentennial of Chief Justice Marshall.” America 93 (September 17, 1955): 588-589.
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Small, Marshall L. “William O. Douglas Remembered: A Collective Memory by WOD’s Law Clerks.” Journal of Supreme Court History 32, no. 3 (2007): 297–334.
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Smith, Beverly. “Earl Warren's Greatest Moment.” Saturday Evening Post 227 (July 24, 1954): 17-19, 48, 53.
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Smith, Bradford. “Education of Earl Warren.” Nation 187 (October 1958): 206-208.
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Smith, Charles Page. James Wilson: Founding Father, 1742–1798. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1956.
Still the standard full-length biography (UNC Press, 1956; Enduring Edition, 2011).
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Smith, Charles W., Jr. Roger B. Taney: Jacksonian Jurist. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1936.
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Smith, Charles W., Jr. “Roger B. Taney and Mr. Biddle's Bank.” Maryland Historical Magazine 31 (March 1936): 1-6.
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Smith, Christopher E. John Paul Stevens: Defender of Rights in Criminal Justice. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015.
Not a life but a topical study: Christopher Smith on thirty-five years of Stevens's opinions in criminal procedure, capital punishment, prisoners' rights and the right to counsel, and on how a Ford appointee from an antitrust practice became the Court's steadiest defender of the accused.
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Smith, Christopher E. The Supreme Court and the Development of Law: Through the Prism of Prisoners' Rights. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Christopher Smith uses fifty years of prisoners' rights cases as a lens on the Court's decision-making, from the Black Muslim litigation that pioneered the field to the constitutional visions of Marshall, Stevens, Thomas, O'Connor and Scalia; Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, 227 pages. Not read.
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Smith, Christopher E., Christina DeJong, and Michael A. McCall, eds. The Rehnquist Court and Criminal Justice. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2011.
Essays measuring the Rehnquist Court's criminal-justice decisions against the Warren Court's and finding the retrenchment uneven, edited by Christopher E. Smith and Christina DeJong of Michigan State with Michael McCall of San Diego State; Lexington Books, October 2011, 334 pages. Not read.
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Smith, Craig Alan. Failing Justice: Charles Evans Whittaker on the Supreme Court. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005.
The one full biography, and a sympathetic, clear-eyed one.
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Smith, Craig Alan. “Debunking Douglas: The Case Against Writing Both Majority and Minority Opinions.” Journal of Supreme Court History 39, no. 2 (2014): 227245.
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Smith, Craig Alan. “Make Way for Tomorrow: How Justice Tom C. Clark Departed from and (Almost) Returned to the Supreme Court.” Journal of Supreme Court History 46, no. 1 (2021): 81–106.
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Smith, Craig Alan. “Sitting by Designation: Retired Justice Tom C. Clark’s Federal Court Service.” Journal of Supreme Court History 43, no. 3 (2018): 321–347.
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Smith, Craig Alan. “Statement of Craig Alan Smith.” Journal of Supreme Court History 40, no. 2 (2015): 187.
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Smith, Craig Alan. “Tom Clark Under Fire: The Consequences of Congressional Investigations of Supreme Court Justices.” Journal of Supreme Court History 38, no. 2 (2013): 139–167.
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Smith, Craig Alan. “‘Spreading the Wealth’: Justice Tom C. Clark’s Wide-Ranging Efforts to Open the Doors of the Law Clerk Ranks.” Journal of Supreme Court History 36, no. 2 (2011): 129–158.
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Smith, Craig R. A First Amendment Profile of the Supreme Court. University of Delaware Press, 2011.
The nine justices sitting in 2011 treated one to a chapter, each measured by a record of free-expression votes and opinions, by Craig R. Smith of California State University, Long Beach; University of Delaware Press for John Cabot University Press, September 2011, 184 pages. Not read.
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Smith, Dean. “Three Hundred Pounds of Solid Charity: William Howard Taft.” American History Illustrated 11 (April 1976): 10-17.
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Smith, Donald L. John Jay: Founder of a State and Nation. New York: Teacher's College Press, Columbia University, 1968.
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Smith, Donald V. Chase and Civil War Politics. Columbus, OH: F. J. Heer Printing Company, 1931.
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Smith, Donald V. “Salmon P. Chase and the Nomination of 1868.” In Essays in Honor of William E. Dodd, by His Former Students at the University of Chicago, edited by Avery Craven, 291-319. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935.
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Smith, F. Dumont. “Roger Brooke Taney.” Texas Law Review 1 (April 1923): 261-280.
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Smith, Fitz H., Jr. “Mr. Justice Iredell's Opinion in 1798 on the Duty of the Federal Courts in Regard to Legislation.” Massachusetts Law Quarterly 22 (July/September 1937): 51-52.
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Smith, J. Douglas. On Democracy's Doorstep: The Inside Story of How the Supreme Court Brought “One Person, One Vote” to the United States. New York: Hill and Wang, 2014.
J. Douglas Smith on the reapportionment cases, Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims, the malapportioned legislatures that provoked them, the League of Women Voters' campaign, and the pressure around the Court from Robert Kennedy, Archibald Cox and Everett Dirksen; Hill and Wang, June 2014, 370 pages. Not read.
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Smith, Jean Edward. John Marshall: Definer of a Nation. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.
The definitive single-volume life: comprehensive, authoritative, and beautifully written.
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Smith, John M. “Mr. Justice Horace Gray of the United States Supreme Court.” South Dakota Law Review 6 (Fall 1961): 221-247.
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Smith, Joseph P., ed. History of the Republican Party in Ohio, and Memoirs of Its Representative Supporters (2 vols.). Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1898.
Cited on every Woods list, and the surprise is what it actually holds: his conversion, in two scenes, in a history compiled by the party he converted to.
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Smith, Reginald H. “Mr. Justice Brandeis and Justice and the Poor.” Legal Aid Brief Case 15 (February 1957): 103-107.
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Smith, Samuel Harrison & Thomas Lloyd, reporters. Trial of Samuel Chase... Before the Senate of the United States (2 vols.). Washington City: Samuel H. Smith, 1805.
The central contemporary record of the Senate trial, taken in shorthand by two reporters: the articles of impeachment, Chase's extensive answer, witness testimony, and the arguments of John Randolph, Luther Martin, and the other advocates.
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Smith, Walter G. “Roger Brooke Taney.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 47 (April 1899): 201-234.
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Smith, William C. “James Wilson and the Philosophy of Freedom in the American Revolution.” American Catholic Historical Society Record 50 (March 1939): 65-71.
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Smith, Young B. “Harlan Fiske Stone: Teacher, Scholar, Dean.” Columbia Law Review 46 (September 1946): 700-709.
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Smyth, Clifford. John Marshall, Father of the Supreme Court. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1931.
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Smyth, William E. “Judge Brandeis in Palestine.” Review of Reviews 60 (December 1919): 609-615.
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Snook, Janice B. “Judicial Philosophy and Judicial Behavior: The Case of Mr. Justice Cardozo.” Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland, 1969.
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Snow, Thomas G. “Supreme Court Messenger, 1977 Term.” Journal of Supreme Court History 39, no. 2 (2014): 246–258.
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Snowiss, Sylvia. “Justice Black and the First Amendment.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1968.
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Snowiss, Sylvia. “The Legacy of Justice Black.” Supreme Court Review 1973 (1973): 187-252.
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Snyder, Brad, and John Q. Barrett. “Rehnquist's Missing Letter: A Former Law Clerk's 1955 Thoughts on Justice Jackson and Brown.” Boston College Law Review 53 (2012): 631.
The letter that surfaced after the two hearings: Rehnquist to Jackson in 1955, after the clerkship, on Brown and the Justice's part in it, published and read against the 1952 memorandum and the sworn explanations of 1971 and 1986.
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Snyder, Brad, James M. McPherson, G. Edward White. “Justice Holmes and the Civil War.” Journal of Supreme Court History 40, no. 3 (2015): 314–324.
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Snyder, Brad. Democratic Justice: Felix Frankfurter, the Supreme Court, and the Making of the Liberal Establishment. New York: W. W. Norton, 2022.
The major modern biography, and a sweeping reappraisal of a justice long out of fashion.
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Snyder, Brad. The House of Truth: A Washington Political Salon and the Foundations of American Liberalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
The story of the Dupont Circle row house where Frankfurter, Lippmann, and the young progressives made the aging Holmes their prophet — and made his dissents the foundation of American liberalism.
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Snyder, Brad. “Sacco-Vanzetti and the Supreme Court.” Journal of Supreme Court History 43, no. 2 (2018): 107–124.
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Solberg, Rorie Spill, and Eric N. Waltenburg. The Media, the Court, and the Misrepresentation: The New Myth of the Court. Routledge, 2015.
Rorie Spill Solberg and Eric Waltenburg find two myths in the press coverage, the old cult of the robe and a newer cult of personality, and show reporting on the Court coming to resemble reporting on any other political institution; Routledge, 2015, 132 pages. Not read.
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Soles, James R. “Mr. Justice Black and the Defendant's Constitutional Rights.” Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1968.
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Solomon, Burt. FDR v. the Constitution: The Court-Packing Fight and the Triumph of Democracy. Walker & Company, 2009.
Burt Solomon's narrative of the hundred and sixty-eight days of the Court-packing fight, following the New Deal cases, Brandeis, Hughes and Owen Roberts, and the Senate opposition led by Burton K. Wheeler, and ending on the irony that the Court then moved toward Roosevelt's positions anyway; Walker, 2009, 337 pages. Not read.
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Solomon, Burt. “The Original Justice Roberts.” Journal of Supreme Court History 34, no. 2 (2009): 196–203.
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Soltero, Carlos R. Latinos and American Law: Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2006.
Fourteen cases from 1889 to 2001 treated one to a chapter with their social and political background, among them Hernandez v. Texas, San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez and Plyler v. Doe, by Carlos Soltero, an Austin lawyer; University of Texas Press, September 2006, 239 pages. Not read.
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Solvick, Stanley D. “The Pre-Presidential Political and Economic Thought of William Howard Taft.” Northwest Ohio Quarterly 43 (Fall 1971): 87-97.
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Sommer, Udi. Supreme Court Agenda Setting: Strategic Behavior during Case Selection. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Udi Sommer of Tel Aviv on case selection as strategy, with the history of certiorari, the justices' voting at the certiorari stage, archival evidence of strategic voting, and the link between opinion authorship and the decision to grant; Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, 186 pages. Not read.
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Songer, Donald R. “The Relevance of Policy Values for the Confirmation of Supreme Court Nominees.” Law and Society Review 13 (Summer 1979): 927-948.
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Sotomayor, Sonia. My Beloved World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013.
Sotomayor's memoir, and the indispensable introduction to the justice and the person.
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Sotomayor, Sonia. “A Latina Judge's Voice.” Berkeley La Raza Law Journal 13 (2002): 87.
The Judge Mario G. Olmos Memorial Lecture of October 26, 2001, published the next year: the 'wise Latina' passage in its own context, eight years before the confirmation hearing that made it famous.
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Souter, David H. Harvard Commencement Address (“The Fair Reading Model”). 2010.
Souter's intellectual testament, delivered a year after he left the Court.
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Souter, David H. “Harvard University Commencement Address, May 27, 2010.” Harvard Gazette (2010).
The fullest statement of his method, a year after he left: why a fair reading of the text is not enough, argued through the Pentagon Papers case and Brown.
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Souter, David H. “Tribute to John Paul Stevens.” Journal of Supreme Court History 35, no. 3 (2010): 195–197.
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Sowards, Adam M. The Environmental Justice: William O. Douglas and American Conservation. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2009.
The only scholarly monograph on Douglas's second identity — the justice as conservation crusader, from the C&O Canal protest hike to the 'trees have standing' dissent.
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Spaeth, Harold J. “The Judicial Restraint of Mr. Justice Frankfurter: Myth or Reality?” Midwest Journal of Political Science 8 (February 1964): 22-38.
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Sparrow, Bartholomew H. “The Public Response to Controversial Supreme Court Decisions: The Insular Cases.” Journal of Supreme Court History 30, no. 3 (2005): 197–210.
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Special Commission of the Supreme Court of Illinois. “Report of Special Commission of the Supreme Court of Illinois, July 31, 1969.”
The Greenberg Commission's report on Justices Solfisburg and Klingbiel and the bank stock, the investigation Stevens ran as counsel and the reason he was on anyone's list in 1970.
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Spector, Robert M. “Legal Historian on the United States Supreme Court: Justice Horace Gray, Jr., and the Historical Method.” American Journal of Legal History 12 (1968): 181.
The foundational study of Gray's method — the scholar-justice who decided cases by exhaustive historical excavation, from legal-tender history to birthright citizenship in Wong Kim Ark.
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Spector, Robert M. “Lincoln and Taney: A Study in Constitutional Polarization.” American Journal of Legal History 15 (July 1971): 199-214.
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Speer, Emory. Exercises on the Evening of February 4, 1901, in the U.S. District Courtroom at Savannah in Honor of the Memory of Chief Justice John Marshall. Macon, GA: Burke, 1901.
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Speiser, Lawrence. “Mr. Justice Brennan and the Bill of Rights.” Catholic University Law Review 11 (1962): 15.
The companion piece in the same issue: a survey of his first five years' record on the Bill of Rights, criminal procedure, the First Amendment and the loyalty-security cases.
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Spindelman, Marc. “Kavanaugh, Rahimi, and the Effort to Legitimate Originalism.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review Online 173 (2025).
The most substantial scholarly treatment of Kavanaugh's jurisprudence to date — reading his Rahimi concurrence as a programmatic defense of originalism's legitimacy.
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Sprecher, Robert A. “Mr. Justice Douglas.” Indiana Law Journal 51 (Fall 1975): 6-13.
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Spring, Beth. “'Abhorrent and Offensive': From the Witness Chair, Sandra O'Connor Said That about Abortion.” Christianity Today 25 (October 23, 1981): 52-53.
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Spring, Samuel. “Two Chief Justices: Edward Douglas White and William Howard Taft.” Review of Reviews 64 (August 1921): 161-170.
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Srere, Mark. “Justice Tom C. Clark's Unconditional Approach to Individual Rights in the Courtroom.” Texas Law Review 64 (October 1985): 421-442.
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St. Clair, James E. & Linda C. Gugin. Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson of Kentucky: A Political Biography. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2002.
The standard biography, and the fullest account of a much-underrated public career.
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Staab, James Brian. The Political Thought of Justice Antonin Scalia: A Hamiltonian on the Supreme Court. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.
James Staab's book-length case that Scalia's constitutional thought is Alexander Hamilton's: the same positions on interpretation, federalism, separation of powers and the reach of executive and judicial authority, and, Staab argues, the same temperament, bold, decisive and principled.
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Stahr, Walter. John Jay: Founding Father. New York: Hambledon and London, 2005.
A crisp, intelligent biography that rescues John Jay from the margins of history and shows him as central to the American project — diplomat, co-author of The Federalist Papers, first Chief Justice, and Governor of New York.
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Stahr, Walter. Salmon P. Chase: Lincoln's Vital Rival. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2021.
The readable modern life, and the natural first read.
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Stahr, Walter. “William Howard Taft as Solicitor General.” Journal of Supreme Court History 48, no. 3 (2023): 317–331.
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Stanard, Mary N. John Marshall: An Address. Richmond, VA: William Ellis Jones's Sons Printers, 1913.
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“Stanley Matthews.” American Bar Association Report 12 (1889): 360-367.
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Stanley, Justin A. “Warren E. Burger and the American Bar Association.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1986: 14–17.
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Stanlis, Peter J. “Dr. Wu and Justice Holmes: A Reappraisal on Natural Law.” University of Detroit Law Journal 18 (March 1955): 149-179.
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Staples, Henry L. The Fall of the Railroad Empire: Brandeis and the New Haven Merger Battle. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1947.
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Starkey, Brando Simeo. Their Accomplices Wore Robes: How the Supreme Court Chained Black America to the Bottom of a Racial Caste System. New York: Doubleday, 2025.
Brando Simeo Starkey's 688-page history of the Court and the Reconstruction Amendments, from the Civil War to now, as a record of siding with white supremacy over racial justice; Doubleday, June 2025. Not read.
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Starr, Kenneth W. “Chief Justice Burger’s Contribution to American Jurisprudence.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1986: 18–23.
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Starr, Kenneth W. “The Relationship of Church and State: The Views of the Founding Fathers.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1987: 24–37.
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Stason, E. Blythe. “Mr. Justice Murphy: Alumnus of the University of Michigan.” Michigan Law Review 48 (April 1950): 737.
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Steamer, Robert J. Chief Justice: Leadership and the Supreme Court. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1986.
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Steamer, Robert J. “Mr. Justice Jackson and the First Amendment.” University of Pittsburgh Law Review 15 (Winter 1954): 193-221.
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Steamer, Robert J. “The Constitutional Doctrines of Mr. Justice Robert H. Jackson.” Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1954.
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Stebbins, Calvin. John Marshall: A Discourse. Framingham, MA: Printed by request, 1901.
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Stebenne, David L. Arthur J. Goldberg: New Deal Liberal. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
The definitive biography, and a rich account of twentieth-century American liberalism through one career.
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Stechow, Wolfgang. “Justice Holmes' Notes on Albert Durer.” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 8 (December 1949): 119-124.
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Steele, John L. “Haynsworth v. the U.S. Senate: The Historic Confrontation over a Supreme Court Seat Was a Vivid Demonstration of the Uses of Power in Washington and of the Pressure Tactics in American Politics.” Fortune 81 (March 1970): 90-93, 155-161.
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Steffan, Jessie. “Doing Brandeis Justice: The Development of the Liebmann Dissent.” Journal of Supreme Court History 39, no. 2 (2014): 201–226.
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Steiker, Carol S., and Jordan M. Steiker. Courting Death: The Supreme Court and Capital Punishment. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016.
Carol and Jordan Steiker on the American choice to regulate capital punishment constitutionally rather than abolish it, from Furman and Gregg onward, and on a regulation that failed to cure arbitrariness while creating the conditions for abolition; Belknap, November 2016, 400 pages. Not read.
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Stein, Marc. Sexual Injustice: Supreme Court Decisions from Griswold to Roe. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
Marc Stein's reading of six decisions, Griswold, Fanny Hill, Loving, Boutilier, Eisenstadt and Roe, with the argument that the sexual-privacy doctrine the Court built in those years was designed to favour marital, heterosexual and reproductive sex; North Carolina, 2010, 364 pages. Not read.
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Stein, Simon B. “John Marshall Harlan, the Great Dissenter.” Bar Bulletin of Boston 26 (October 1955): 257-259.
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Steinberg, Alfred. John Marshall. New York: Putnam, 1962.
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Steiner, Bernard C. Life of Roger Brooke Taney, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company, 1922.
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Steiner, Bernard C. “Roger B. Taney.” In Report of the Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Maryland State Bar Association Held at Hotel Chatham, Atlantic City, N.J., June 26, 27. and 28, 1919. Baltimore: Maryland State Bar Association, 1919.
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Stempel, Jeffrey W. “Rehnquist, Recusal, and Reform.” Brooklyn Law Review 53 (Fall 1987): 589-667.
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Stephens, Harold M. “Mr. Justice Sutherland.” American Bar Association Journal 31 (September 1945): 446-453.
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Stephens, Harold M. “The Chief Justice.” American Bar Association Journal 32 (July 1946): 387-389.
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Stephens, Harold M. “The Chief Justice.” Case and Comment 51 (November/December 1946): 3-7.
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Stephens, Harold M. “The Chief Justice.” Kentucky State Bar Journal 10 (September 1946): 212-214.
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Stephens, Pamela J. “The Single Contract as Minimum Contracts: Justice Brennan 'Has It His Way.'” William and Mary Law Review 28 (Fall 1986): 89-118.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “Charles Henry Butler on the Death of Chief Justice Fuller.” New York State Bar Journal 47 (October 1975): 47.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 24, no. 1 (1999): 138–152.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 24, no. 3 (1999): 333–347.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 25, no. 1 (2000): 112–127.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 25, no. 3 (2000): 313–330.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “On Review: Recent Books About the Supreme Court, the Justices, and the Constitution.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1984: 127–143.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Chief Justice as Leader: The Case of Morrison Remick Waite.” William and Mary Law Review 14 (Summer 1973): 899-927.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 15 (1990): 152–177.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 16 (1991): 105–131.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 17 (1992): 109–135.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 18 (1993): 90–117.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 19 (1994): 147–170.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 20 (1995): 153–172.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 21, no. 2 (1996): 168–188.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 22, no. 2 (1997): 150–169.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 23, no. 2 (1998): 157–181.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 26, no. 3 (2001): 279–295.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 27, no. 1 (2002): 65–82.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 27, no. 2 (2002): 194–210.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 28, no. 1 (2003): 81–97.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 28, no. 3 (2003): 370–386.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 29, no. 2 (2004): 207–225.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 29, no. 3 (2004): 346–366.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 30, no. 3 (2005): 284–302.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 31, no. 2 (2006): 199–218.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 31, no. 3 (2006): 298–315.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 32, no. 1 (2007): 96–112.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 32, no. 2 (2007): 190–208.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 32, no. 3 (2007): 346–363.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 33, no. 2 (2008): 200–220.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 34, no. 1 (2009): 125–145.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 34, no. 2 (2009): 224–240.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 34, no. 3 (2009): 315–331.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 44, no. 3 (2019): 325–344.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1985: 128–145.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1986: 103–121.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1987: 108–126.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1988: 98–117.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1989: 119–139.
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Stephenson, D. Grier, Jr. “The Memoirs of Earl Warren.” Houston Law Review 15 (October 1977): 224-244.
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Stephenson, D. Grier. The Supreme Court and the American Republic: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1981.
Slim where Martin & Goehlert is exhaustive, and annotated where it is bare: 281 pages running from general works to the justices' own writings, with the Court's institutional development covered in twenty-year intervals. Dated at 1981, but the Oxford Bibliographies survey of the field still calls it “nicely organized and helpful.”
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Stephenson, David Grier. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 50, no. 1 (2025): 89–101.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf Book Review.” Journal of Supreme Court History 47, no. 1 (2022): 71–87.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. The Waite Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003.
The ABC-CLIO handbook to the Waite Court: profiles of all fifteen justices who sat between 1874 and 1888, the Court's major rulings, and a documents section.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 35, no. 2 (2010): 177–192.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 35, no. 3 (2010): 267–283.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 36, no. 2 (2011): 159–177.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 36, no. 3 (2011): 304–321.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 37, no. 2 (2012): 148–167.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 37, no. 3 (2012): 335–354.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 38, no. 2 (2013): 261–277.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 38, no. 3 (2013): 438–454.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 39, no. 2 (2014): 286–304.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 39, no. 3 (2014): 444–462.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 40, no. 2 (2015): 211–228.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 40, no. 3 (2015): 334–350.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 41, no. 2 (2016): 221–239.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 41, no. 3 (2016): 347–365.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 42, no. 2 (2017): 212–229.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 42, no. 3 (2017): 337–355.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 43, no. 2 (2018): 183–199.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 43, no. 3 (2018): 348–362.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 44, no. 1 (2019): 109–126.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 45, no. 1 (2020): 85–103.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 45, no. 3 (2020): 328–344.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 46, no. 2 (2021): 241–257.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 46, no. 3 (2021): 350–367.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 47, no. 3 (2022): 330–346.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier, Jr. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 49, no. 3 (2024): 288–294.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier. “The Judicial Bookshelf.” Journal of Supreme Court History 48, no. 3 (2023): 358–377.
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Stephenson, Donald Grier. “The Judicial Bookshelp.” Journal of Supreme Court History 48, no. 1 (2023): 113–129.
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Stern, Horace. “An Examination of Justice Field's Work in Constitutional Law.” In Great American Lawyers, vol. 7, edited by William D. Lewis, 52-86. Philadelphia: J. C. Winston Company, 1907.
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Stern, Horace. “Joseph Bradley.” In Great American Lawyers, vol. 6, edited by William D. Lewis, 345-404. Philadelphia: J. C. Winston Company, 1909.
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Stern, Horace. “Samuel Freeman Miller.” In Great American Lawyers, vol. 6, edited by William D. Lewis, 539-585. Philadelphia: J. C. Winston Company, 1907.
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Stern, Mark Joseph. American Justice 2019: The Roberts Court Arrives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.
Mark Joseph Stern of Slate on October Term 2018, the first after Kennedy left, with Roberts in the middle of the bench; Penn Press, November 2019, 184 pages, the last of the annual six and the only one the Library of Congress catalogued under the Court's own subject heading. Not read.
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Stern, Robert L. “Chief Justice Taney and the Shadow of Dred Scott.” Journal of Supreme Court History 17 (1992): 39–52.
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Stern, Robert L. “Reminiscences of the Solicitor General’s Office.” Journal of Supreme Court History 20 (1995): 123–130.
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Stern, Robert L. “The Court-Packing Plan and the Commerce Clause.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1988: 91–97.
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Stern, Robert L. “The Rosenberg Case in Perspective‒Its Present Significance.” Journal of Supreme Court History 15 (1990): 79–92.
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Stern, Robert L., et al. Supreme Court Practice: For Practice in the Supreme Court of the United States. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, 2002.
The practitioners' manual: the eighth edition of Stern and his co-authors, 1,290 pages with forms from the Bureau of National Affairs in 2002, catalogued under appellate procedure. The shelf had the books on advocacy and not the rulebook. No copy found online. Not read.
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Stern, Seth & Stephen Wermiel. Justice Brennan: Liberal Champion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010.
The definitive biography, drawing on decades of interviews Wermiel conducted with Brennan himself and on the justice's private case histories.
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Sternberg, Jonathan. “Deciding Not to Decide: The Judiciary Act of 1925 and the Discretionary Court.” Journal of Supreme Court History 33, no. 1 (2008): 1–16.
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Sterne, Simon. “The Salaries of the United States Supreme Court Justices.” Counsellor 1 (January 1892): 93-98.
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Stevens, John P. Mr. Justice Rutledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956.
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Stevens, John P. “Legal Questions in Perspective.” Florida State University Law Review 13 (Spring 1985): 1-7.
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Stevens, John P. “Remarks on the U.S. Supreme Court: Its Work, Its Workload, and the Appropriate Scope of Its Work.” Federal Bar News and Journal 33 (March 1986): 109-111.
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Stevens, John P. “Some Thoughts on Judicial Restraint.” Judicature 66 (November 1983): 177-183.
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Stevens, John P. “The Supreme Court of the United States: Reflections after a Summer Recess.” South Texas Law Review 27 (Fall 1986): 447-453.
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Stevens, John P. “The Third Branch of Liberty.” University of Miami Law Review 41 (December 1986): 277-293.
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Stevens, John Paul. Five Chiefs: A Supreme Court Memoir. New York: Little, Brown, 2011.
Stevens's warm memoir of the five Chief Justices he knew — from Fred Vinson, for whom he clerked, to John Roberts — a genial insider's tour of the modern Court through the men who led it.
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Stevens, John Paul. Six Amendments: How and Why We Should Change the Constitution. New York: Little, Brown, 2014.
The retired justice as reformer — Stevens's brief, pointed case for six constitutional amendments, on guns, the death penalty, gerrymandering, and money in politics, distilling the causes of his late dissents into proposals.
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Stevens, John Paul. The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years. New York: Little, Brown, 2019.
Stevens's own memoir, written in his late nineties and published the year he died — an unhurried, term-by-term walk through his life and cases from the inside.
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Stevens, John Paul. “Tribute to Justice O’Connor.” Journal of Supreme Court History 31, no. 2 (2006): 99.
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Stevens, Richard G. “Reason and History in Judicial Judgement: Mr. Justice Frankfurter's Treatment of Due Process.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1963.
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Stewart, David M. “Supreme Court Appointments during the Harding and Coolidge Administrations: Influence, Critics, and Voting.” Ph.D. diss., Wayne State University, 1974.
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Stewart, David O. Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009.
The one duty the Constitution reserves for the Chief Justice alone: in 1868 Chase presided over the Senate trial of President Andrew Johnson, and Stewart's fast, fair-minded account is the best popular narrative of it.
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Stewart, David O. “Remember Potter Stewart.” American Bar Association Journal 72 (March 1, 1986): 98-103.
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Stewart, David O. “What's Ahead with Rehnquist and Scalia.” American Bar Association Journal 72 (August 1986): 36-40.
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Stewart, Potter. “A View from Inside the Court.” Cleveland Bar Association Journal 39 (January 1968): 69-92.
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Stewart, Potter. “Or of the Press.” Hastings Law Journal 26 (1975): 631.
Stewart's famous Yale address — the argument that the Press Clause is a structural protection for the institutional press, not a redundancy of free speech.
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Stewart, Potter. “Reflections on the Supreme Court.” Litigation 8 (Spring 1982): 8-13.
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Stewart, Potter. “Robert H. Jackson's Influence on Federal State Relationships.” Record of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York 23 (January 1968): 7-32.
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Stewart, Potter. “The Nine of Us: 'Guardians of the Constitution.'” Florida Bar Journal 41 (October 1967): 1090-1097.
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Stinson, Joseph W. “Marshall and the Supremacy of the Unwritten Law.” American Law Review 58 (November/December 1924): 856-871.
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Stinson, Joseph W. “Marshall on the Jurisdiction of the Littoral Sovereign over Territorial Waters.” American Law Review 57 (July/August 1923): 567-578.
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Stites, Francis. John Marshall: Defender of the Constitution. Boston: Little, Brown, 1981.
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Stone, Geoffrey R. “Civil Liberties in Wartime.” Journal of Supreme Court History 28, no. 3 (2003): 215–251.
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Stone, Geoffrey R. “Marshall: He's the Frustrated Conscience of the High Court.” National Law Journal 2 (February 18, 1980): 24.
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Stone, Geoffrey R. “Understanding Supreme Court Confirmations.” Supreme Court Review 2010: 381–467.
Eighty-seven pages of the Supreme Court Review asking how the confirmation process changed and how much of the change is the Bork fight's long shadow — the fullest single treatment of the modern process, from inside the University of Chicago Law School.
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Stone, Geoffrey R., and David A. Strauss. Democracy and Equality: The Enduring Constitutional Vision of the Warren Court. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.
The compact modern defense of the Warren Court's legacy — two Chicago scholars restating what the revolution accomplished, case by case, for a generation that takes it for granted or wants it undone.
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Stone, Harlan F. Public Control of Business, Selected Opinions by Harlan Fiske Stone. Edited by Alfred Lief. New York: Howell, Soskin, 1940.
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Stone, Harlan F. “Dissenting Opinions Are Not without Value.” Journal of the American Judicature Society 26 (October 1942): 78.
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Stone, Harlan F. “Fifty Years' Work of the United States Supreme Court.” American Bar Association Journal 14 (August/September 1928): 428-436.
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Stone, Harlan F. “Fifty Years' Work of the United States Supreme Court.” American Bar Association Report 53 (1928): 259-281.
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Stone, Harlan F. “Fifty Years' Work of the United States Supreme Court.” Oregon Law Review 8 (April 1929): 248-268.
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Stone, Harlan F. “Louis Dembitz Brandeis.” American Bar Association Journal 29 (February 1943): 73-75, 109.
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Stone, Harlan F. “Mr. Justice Cardozo.” Columbia Law Review 39 (January 1939): 1-3.
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Stone, Harlan F. “Mr. Justice Cardozo.” Harvard Law Review 52 (January 1939): 353-355.
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Stone, Harlan F. “Mr. Justice Cardozo.” Yale Law Journal 48 (January 1939): 371-373.
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Stone, Harlan F. “Some Aspects of the Problem of Law Simplification.” Columbia Law Review 23 (March 1923): 319-337.
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Stone, Harlan F. “The Chief Justice.” American Bar Association Journal 27 (July 1941): 407-408.
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Stone, Harlan F. “The Common Law in the United States.” Harvard Law Review 50 (November 1936): 4-26.
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Stone, Harlan F. “The Public Influence of the Bar.” Harvard Law Review 48 (November 1934): 1-14.
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Stone, Harlan Fiske. Law and Its Administration. New York: Columbia University Press, 1915.
The dean's book: 256 pages from the Columbia University Press in 1915, written while he ran the law school and a decade before Coolidge sent him to Washington, on the law and the machinery that administers it.
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Stone, Irving. Earl Warren, A Great American Story. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1948.
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Stone, Lauson H. “Harlan F. Stone: My Father the Chief Justice.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1978 (1978): 7-17.
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Storey, Moorfield. “Horace Gray.” In Later Years of the Saturday Club, 1870-1920. edited by M. A. DeWolfe Howe, 49-53. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927.
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Storey, Moorfield. “Tyler's Memoir of Roger Brooke Taney.” North American Review 116 (January 1873): 194-203.
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Story, Joseph. "Sketch of the character of [Thomas] Todd." In The Miscellaneous Writings of Joseph Story, 817–819. 1852.
Story's warm memorial to a colleague of nineteen years — the best contemporary character evidence we have, praising Todd's land-law mastery and his self-command in yielding first impressions to better argument.
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Story, Joseph. A Discourse upon the Life, Character, and Services of the Honorable John Marshall, LL.D., Chief Justice of the United States of America. Boston: James Munroe and Company, 1835.
Story's eulogy of Marshall, pronounced in Boston on 15 October 1835 at the request of the Suffolk Bar and printed by James Munroe in seventy-four pages: 'His life speaks its own best eulogy.'
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Story, Joseph. A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States: Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause. Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon and Webb, 1840.
The Commentaries brought down to a single volume 'designed for the use of school libraries and general readers', 372 pages from Marsh, Capen, Lyon and Webb of Boston in 1840, six years after the still shorter Constitutional Class Book: the sitting Justice explaining every clause to the schoolroom.
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Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (3 vols.). Boston: Hilliard, Gray, 1833.
The most influential constitutional treatise of the nineteenth century, written at night while its author sat on the Court and ran Harvard Law School by day.
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Story, Joseph. Joseph Story: A Collection of Writings by and about an Eminent American Jurist. Edited by Mortimer D. Schwartz and John C. Hogan. New York: Oceana Publications, 1959.
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Story, William Wetmore, ed. Life and Letters of Joseph Story (2 vols.; with Miscellaneous Writings, 1852). Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1851.
William Wetmore Story's two-volume life of his father, 1851, built from Joseph Story's own letters and the son's connecting narrative, with the Miscellaneous Writings of 1852 as companion: the boarding-house Court, the colleagues, and the deaths that broke the circle, Livingston's in March 1823 among them. Public domain at the Internet Archive.
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“Story.” Albany Law Journal 13 (February 5, 1876): 90-94.
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Stowe, Harriet B. “Edwin M. Stanton.” In Men of Our Times, by Harriet B. Stowe, 363-377. Hartford, CT: Hartford Publishing Company, 1868.
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Stowe, Harriet B. “Salmon P. Chase.” In Men of Our Times, by Harriet B. Stowe, 241-266. Hartford, CT: Hartford Publishing Company, 1868.
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Strauss, Robert. John Marshall: The Final Founder, a Biography and Thoughts on the Issues of American History He Inspired. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2021.
Robert Strauss's popular life of 2021, whose argument is in its title: that Marshall belongs with Washington and Franklin in the first rank of the founders, and that the founding should be dated not to the Constitution but to the peaceful transfer of power in 1801 and what Marshall then made of a Court sitting in a basement room of the Capitol.
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Streichler, Stuart. Justice Curtis in the Civil War Era: At the Crossroads of American Constitutionalism. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2005.
The 'crossroads' of the subtitle is the argument: Curtis embodied a legalist middle constitutionalism that the 1850s destroyed, and his career is the best single lens on what was lost.
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Streit, Clarence K. “Owen J. Roberts and Atlantic Union.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 104 (December 1955): 354-367.
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Strickland, Rennard I. and William R. Strickland. “The Court and the Trail of Tears.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1979: 20–30.
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Strickland, Stephen P. “Mr. Justice Black: A Reappraisal.” Federal Bar Journal 25 (Fall 1965): 365-382.
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Strickland, Stephen Parks, ed. Hugo Black and the Supreme Court: A Symposium. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967.
The symposium volume of 1967, thirty years into the tenure and four before its end: xxix and 365 pages from Bobbs-Merrill with a portrait, sixty-six pages of notes, and the Library of Congress heading 'Addresses, essays, lectures.'
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Strong, Frank R. “John Marshall: Hero or Villain?” Ohio State Law Journal 6 (December 1939): 42-62; (March 1940): 158-189.
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Strong, Henry. “Justice Samuel Freeman Miller.” Annals of Iowa 3 (January 1894): 241-257.
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Strong, William. Two Lectures upon the Relations of Civil Law to Church Polity, Discipline, and Property. New York: Dodd & Mead, 1875.
Strong's own published lectures on church and state — the key primary source for the justice who, while sitting on the Court, presided over the movement to write Christianity into the Constitution.
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Strong, William. “Relief for the Supreme Court.” North American Review 151 (November 1890): 567-575.
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Strong, William. “The Needs of the Supreme Court.” North American Review 132 (May 1881): 437-450.
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Strub, Whitney. Obscenity Rules: Roth v. United States and the Long Struggle over Sexual Expression. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2013.
Whitney Strub on Samuel Roth's prosecution and on the case that forced the Court to fix obscenity's place under the First Amendment, with Brennan's opinion read as liberalising and restricting at the same time; Kansas, September 2013, 278 pages, in the Landmark Law Cases series. Not read.
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Strub, Whitney. “Slouching towards Roth: Obscenity and the Supreme Court, 1945–1957.” Journal of Supreme Court History 38, no. 2 (2013): 121–138.
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Strum, Philippa. Brandeis: Beyond Progressivism. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1993.
Strum's second Brandeis book — not a retelling of the life but a distillation of the political and economic thought: the curse of bigness, industrial democracy, and the citizen's obligation to participate.
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Strum, Philippa. Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.
The standard scholarly biography before Urofsky's, and still the sharpest on Brandeis the reformer-jurist — Strum is especially good on how the crusading 'People's Lawyer' translated his progressivism into constitutional method.
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Strum, Philippa. “Louis D. Brandeis as Lawyer and Judge.” Journal of Supreme Court History 18 (1993): 29–40.
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Strum, Philippa. “The Journalist as Historian: Anthony Lewis, Civil Liberties, and the Supreme Court.” Journal of Supreme Court History 29, no. 2 (2004): 191–206.
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Strum, Philippa. “‘We Always Tell Our Children They Are Americans’: Mendez V. Westminster and the Beginning of the End of School Segregation.” Journal of Supreme Court History 39, no. 3 (2014): 307–328.
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Suddath, R. L. “Life and Services of John Marshall.” Oklahoma State Bar Journal 7 (June 1936): 56-60.
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Suitts, Steve. Hugo Black of Alabama: How His Roots and Early Career Shaped the Great Champion of the Constitution. Montgomery, AL: NewSouth Books, 2005.
A deeply researched account of the Alabama origins by a Southern civil-rights scholar — the fullest treatment of how the world of the rural New South produced the justice, Klan chapter and all.
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Sulfridge, Wayne. “Ideology as a Factor in Senate Consideration of Supreme Court Nominations.” Journal of Politics 42 (May 1980): 560-567.
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Summers, Clyde W. “Frankfurter, Labor Law, and the Judge's Function.” Yale Law Journal 67 (December 1957): 266-303.
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Sumner, Charles. The Scholar, the Jurist, the Artist, the Philanthropist: An Address before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard University, at Their Anniversary, August 27, 1846. Boston: W. D. Ticknor and Company, 1846.
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Sumner, Charles. “Some Account of Judge Story of the United States.” Bentley's Miscellany 29 (1851): 376-384.
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Surrency, Erwin C. “The First Judges of the Federal Courts.” American Journal of Legal History 1 (January 1957): 76-78.
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Surrency, Erwin C., ed. The Marshall Reader: The Life and Contributions of ChiefJustice John Marshall. New York: Oceana Publications, 1955.
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Sutherland, Arthur E., Jr. “Justice Black on Counsel and Non-Voluntary Confessions.” UCLA Law Review 14 (1967): 536-552.
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Sutherland, Arthur E., Jr., ed. Government under Law: A Conference Held at Harvard Law School on the Occasion of the Bicentennial of Justice Marshall. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956.
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Sutherland, George. Constitutional Power and World Affairs. New York: Columbia University Press, 1919.
The book before the opinion: Sutherland, out of the Senate and three years from the Court, on the national government's power over foreign affairs, the argument he would write into Curtiss-Wright as a Justice in 1936; 200 pages from the Columbia University Press, 1919.
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Sutherland, George. Private Rights and Government Control. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1917.
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Swayne, Norman W. The Descendants of Francis Swayne. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1921.
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Sweet, Martin J. Merely Judgment: Ignoring, Evading, and Trumping the Supreme Court. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2010.
Martin J. Sweet on the decisions that were never carried out, with case studies of affirmative action in government contracting, legislative vetoes, flag burning, hate speech and school prayer, and a comparison of how Philadelphia, Portland and Miami responded to City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson; Virginia, November 2010, 240 pages, in the Constitutionalism and Democracy series. Not read.
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Swindler, William F. The Constitution and Chief Justice Marshall. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1979.
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Swindler, William F. “'Robin Hood,' Congress, and the Court.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1977 (1977): 39-43.
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Swindler, William F. “Another Early College Charter Case.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1977: 38, 113.
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Swindler, William F. “Books by Justices‒A Representative List.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1979: 38–39.
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Swindler, William F. “Documentary Films on the Supreme Court.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1978: 25–30.
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Swindler, William F. “Fifty-one Chief Justices.” Kentucky Law Journal 60 (1972): 851-871.
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Swindler, William F. “John Marshall's Preparation for the Bar: Some Observations on His Law Notes.” American Journal of Legal History 11 (April 1967): 207-273.
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Swindler, William F. “Justices in Academe.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1979 (1979): 31-37.
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Swindler, William F. “Mr. Chisholm and the Eleventh Amendment.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1981: 14–18.
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Swindler, William F. “Of Revolution, Law and Order.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1976: 16–24.
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Swindler, William F. “Politics of 'Advice and Consent.'” American Bar Association Journal 56 (June 1970): 533-542.
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Swindler, William F. “Roscoe Conkling and the Fourteenth Amendment.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1983: 46–52.
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Swindler, William F. “Seditious Aliens and Native ‘Seditionists.’” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1984: 12–19.
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Swindler, William F. “See Marshall Exhibit at Supreme Court Building.” American Bar Association Journal 59 (July 1973): 746-748.
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Swindler, William F. “The Chief Justice and Law Reform, 1921-1971.” Supreme Court Review 1971 (1971): 241-264.
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Swindler, William F. “The Court in the Age of the Marshall.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1977: 44–50.
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Swindler, William F. “The Court Under Chief Justice Taney.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1978: 43–49.
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Swindler, William F. “The Court, the Constitution, and Chief Justice Burger.” Vanderbilt Law Review 27 (April 1974): 443-474.
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Swindler, William F. “The Eighteenth Century Court and Bar.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1976: 45–50.
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Swindler, William F. “The Era of Salmon P. Chase.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1979: 40–44.
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Swindler, William F. “The Numbers Game.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1977: 87–92.
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Swindler, William F. “The Selling of the Constitution.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1980: 49–54.
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Swindler, William F. “The Trials of Aaron Burr.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1978: 18–24.
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Swindler, William F. “Toward 1987: A ‘Pre-Constitutional Law Case.’” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1983: 113–116.
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Swindler, William F. “Toward 1987: Between War and Peace in 1782.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1982: 101–103.
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Swindler, William F. “Toward 1987: Consequences of Independence.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1984: 107–111.
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Swindler, William F. “Toward 1987‒Lessons from the Centennial.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1980: 94–97.
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Swindler, William F. “Toward 1987–Two Milestones in 1781.” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1981: 117–120.
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Swinford, Mac. “Mr. Justice Samuel Freeman Miller (1816-1873).” Filson Club History Quarterly 34 (January 1960): 35-44.
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Swisher, Carl B. Mr. Chief Justice Taney. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956.
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Swisher, Carl B. The Taney Period, 1836–64 (Oliver Wendell Holmes Devise History of the Supreme Court, vol. 5). New York: Macmillan, 1974.
The Holmes Devise volume for the Taney Court — a thousand pages of institutional history covering the Court from 1836 to 1864.
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Swisher, Carl B. “Roger B. Taney and the Tenets of Democracy.” Maryland Historical Magazine 34 (September 1939): 207-222.
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Swisher, Carl B. “The Achievement of John Marshall.” Thought 31 (Spring 1956): 5-26.
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Swisher, Carl Brent. Roger B. Taney. New York: Macmillan, 1935.
The whole man: the Calvert County Catholic gentry, the Frederick practice, the Jackson years at the Attorney Generalship and the Treasury, twenty-eight years in the center chair, and the catastrophe of 1857.
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Swisher, Carl Brent. Stephen J. Field: Craftsman of the Law. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1930.
The classic biography, and still the fullest account of Field as a working judge — the circuit-riding, the opinions, the feuds, the marathon tenure.
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Swygert, Luther M. “Benjamin N. Cardozo.” Notre Dame Lawyer 22 (January 1947): 142-149.
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Sylvester, Kathleen. “Justice O'Connor Makes Her Mark on the High Court.” National Law Journal 4 (July 19, 1982): 3.
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